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WAPT- Physiology > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Organic plasma components consisting of plasma proteins:

A

Water, Nutrients, Gasses, Hormones, Wastes, Products of cell activity, Proteins

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2
Q

Inorganic plasma components consisting of electrolytes:

A

Electrolytes (Na+, Cl, K, Ca, Mg, PO4, SO4, bicarbonate): helps maintain plasma osmotic pressure and normal blood pH

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3
Q

% plasma of whole blood?

A

55%

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4
Q

What does the buffet coat consist of?

A

Leukocytes and platelets

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5
Q

% buffy coat of whole blood?

A

< 1%

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6
Q

% erythrocytes (hematocrit) of whole blood?

A

45%

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7
Q

What are the most abundant cations in blood?

A

Na, K, Ca, Mg

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8
Q

What are the most abundant anions in blood?

A

Chloride, phosphate, suflate and bicarbonate

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9
Q

What plasma proteins are found in blood?

A
  • albumin: 60% (produced by liver and main contributor to osmotic pressure)
  • globulins: 36% (alpha, beta and gamma)
  • fibrinogen: 4%
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10
Q

Electrophoresis is a technique used to ..?.. different elements (..?..) of a blood sample into ..?.. components. All proteins have an ..?.. and the test is designed to make use of this characteristic.
The sample is placed in or on a special ..?.. (e.g. a ..?..), and an ..?.. is applied to the gel. The ..?.. particles move through the gel according to the ..?.. of their ..?.. charges, forming ..?.. or ..?… An instrument called a ..?.. measures these bands, which can be identified. ..?.. (SPEP) is a ..?.. test that measures the major blood ..?.. by separating them into ..?.. distinct fractions: ..?.., ..?.., ..?.., ..?.., and ..?.. proteins. Protein electrophoresis can also be performed on ..?…

A

separate; fractions; individual; electrical charge; medium; gel; electric current; protein; strength; electrical; bands; zones; densitometer; Serum protein electrophoresis; screening; proteins; five; albumin; alpha1; alpha2; beta; gamma; urine

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11
Q

Diameter of RBCs

A

7.5 μm

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12
Q

Shape of RBCs

A

Shaped like biconcave discs—flattened discs with depressed centres— they appear lighter in colour at their thin centres than at their edges.

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13
Q

Mature erythrocytes are bound by a ..?.., but lack a ..?.. (are anucleate) and have essentially no ..?… In fact, they are little more than “bags” of ..?.., the RBC protein that functions in ..?..

A

plasma membrane; nucleus; organelles; haemoglobin (Hb); gas transport.

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14
Q

What other proteins are present in RBCs and what is their function?

A

antioxidant enzymes that rid the body of harmful oxygen radicals, but most function as structural proteins, allowing the RBC to deform yet spring back into shape.

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15
Q

What is spectrin and the function of it?

A

network of proteins, especially one called spectrin, attached to the cytoplasmic face of RBC plasma membranes maintains the biconcave shape of an erythrocyte.

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16
Q

Describe the spectrin net and it’s function?

A

The spectrin net is deformable, allowing erythrocytes to change shape as necessary—to twist, turn, and become cup shaped as they are carried passively through capillaries with diameters smaller than themselves—and then to resume their biconcave shape

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17
Q

Give an example of the complementarity of structure and function of RBCs

A

It picks up oxygen in the capillaries of the lungs and releases it to tissue cells across other capillaries throughout the body. It also transports some 20% of the carbon dioxide released by tissue cells back to the lungs.

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18
Q

Three structural characteristics contribute to erythrocyte gas transport functions:

• Its small ..?.. and ..?.. shape provide a huge ..?.. relative to ..?.. (about ..?.. more surface area than comparable ..?.. cells). The biconcave disc shape is ideally suited for ..?.. because no point within the ..?.. is far from the ..?…
• Discounting ..?.. content, an erythrocyte is over 97% ..?.., the molecule that binds to and transports ..?.. gases.
• Because erythrocytes lack ..?.. and generate ..?.. by ..?.. mechanisms, they do not consume any of the ..?.. they carry, making them very efficient ..?.. indeed.

A
  • size; biconcave; surface area; volume; 30% ; spherical; gas exchange; cytoplasm; surface
  • water; haemoglobin; respiratory;
  • mitochondria; ATP; anaerobic; oxygen; oxygen transporters
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19
Q

What is the major factor contributing to blood viscosity?

A

Erythrocytes

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20
Q

Blood cell count in women

A

4.2–5.4 million cells per microliter (1 μl 5 1 mm3) of blood

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21
Q

Blood cell count in men

A

4.7–6.1 million cells/μl

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22
Q

Normal values for haemoglobin in males

A

13–18 grams per 100 millilitres of blood (g/100 ml) in adult males

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23
Q

Normal values for haemoglobin in females

A

12–16 g/100 ml in adult females.

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24
Q

What is Hb made up of?

A

Haemoglobin is made up of the red haeme pigment bound to the protein globin.

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25
Q

What does globin and heme consist of?

A

four polypeptide chains— two alpha (a) and two beta (β)—each binding a ring-like haeme group. Each haeme group bears an atom of iron set like a jewel in its centre.

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26
Q

How much oxygen can one haemoglobin molecule transport and why?

A

A haemoglobin molecule can transport four molecules of oxygen because each iron atom can combine reversibly with one molecule of oxygen.

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27
Q

How many Hb molecules can a single RBC contain?

A

250 million haemoglobin molecules; so each cell can scoop up about 1 billion molecules of oxygen

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28
Q

Why is Hb contained in erythrocytes and not free in the plasma?

A

• From breaking into fragments that would leak out of the bloodstream (through porous capillary walls) and
• From making blood more viscous and raising osmotic pressure.

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29
Q

Production of erythrocytes is controlled hormonally and depends on an adequate supply of:

A

iron, amino acids, and certain B vitamins. Hormonal Controls Erythropoietin (EPO), a glycoprotein hormone, stimulates the formation of erythrocytes.

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30
Q

What organ produces EPO?

A

The kidneys, and sometimes the liver

31
Q

Stimulus for formation of RBCs

A

Hypoxia

32
Q

What is required for Hb synthesis?

A

adequate Fe supply from diet, transferrin
within the blood plasma acts as a carry protein, bone marrow cells take up Fe
to produce heme group, and this then combines with globulins to create Hb

33
Q

What products are required for RBC synthesis?

A
  • iron, folate, vitamin B12; IF
34
Q

What is the role of iron in erythrocyte production?

A

It’s the central molecule in the heme group

35
Q

What is the role of folate in erythrocyte production?

A

It’s needed for erythroblast proliferation (DNA synthesis) to differentiate into RBCs

36
Q

What is the role of vitaminB12 in erythrocyte production?

A

Needed to absorb Fe in the small intestine by active transport and for DNA synthesis

37
Q

What is the role of IF in erythrocyte production?

A

Needed for vitamin B12 absorption

38
Q

What are some of the causes of hypoxia?

A
  • decreased RBC count
  • decreased amount of Hb
  • decreased availability of O2
39
Q

What does EPO do?

A

Stimulates the red bone marrow to enhance erythropoiesis

40
Q

List the order of erythropoiesis starting from the hematopoetic stem cell (hemocytoblast)

A
  1. Hemocytoblast
  2. Proerythroblast
  3. Basophilic erythroblast
  4. Polychromatic erythroblast
  5. Orthochromatic erythroblast
  6. Reticulocyte
  7. erythroblast
41
Q

Hb degradation

No protein synthesis means RBCs cannot repair ..?.., macrophages ..?.. RBCs and take them to the ..?… Many components are recycled
o Fe for more ..?.. groups
o ..?.. incorporated into new proteins
o ..?.. ring gets broken down in the ..?.. and ..?.. into ..?..

Iron transport: Liver stores excess iron as ..?..

Bilirubin production
o Bilirubin gets converted into ..?..
o Bile excreted in the ..?.., or bilirubin in the ..?.. (yellow colour)

A

cell membranes; endocytose; spleen; heme; Amino acids; Porphyrin; liver; spleen; bilirubin; Ferritin; bile; faeces; urine

42
Q

When is there low levels of Hb in the blood?

A
  • In Fe deficiency
  • hemolysis
  • haemorrhage
43
Q

Haematocrit: the volume of ..?.. in a sample of ..?.. as a proportion of the total ..?.. of the sample. It gives a rough indication of the number and volume of the ..?.. in the blood.

A

Erythrocytes; blood; volume; erythrocytes

44
Q

Haematocrit level in males and females

A

Normal males: 40 – 54%
Normal females: 37 – 47%

45
Q

When is mean cell volume increased?

A

B12 deficiency

46
Q

When is mean cell volume decreased?

A

Fe deficiency; haemorrhage

47
Q

When is mean cell Hb decreased?

A
  • Fe deficiency anemia
  • thalassemia
48
Q

When is mean cell Hb increased?

A

Vit B12 deficiency anemia and folate deficiency

49
Q

Role of neutrophils

A

induce inflammatory response, also phagocytose but can also release enzymes. Bacterial infections

50
Q

Role of eosinophils

A

Has cytotoxic granules; phagocytose. Parasitic infections. Complex role in allergy and asthma

51
Q

Role of basophils

A

release histamine and heparin and other mediators of inflammation.

52
Q

Role of mast cells

A

release histamine.

53
Q

Role of macrophages

A

– phagocytose; antigen-presenting cells.

54
Q

Monocytes – are ..?… As soon as it enters the tissue, becomes a ..?.., ..?.. cells. Assist in ..?.. activation

A

pre-macrophages; macrophage; antigen-presenting; t-cell

55
Q

Lymphocyte – B (that become ..?.. cells) and T cells in ..?.. immune, ..?.. and antigen-presenting cells

A

plasma; adaptive; cytotoxic

56
Q

Basophils and masts are the same, except for ..?… Mast cells are in the ..?.. and ..?.. fluid but basophils are in the ..?..

A

location; tissue; interstitial; blood

57
Q

What are the 3 types of lymphocytes and their roles?

A
  • NK cells: non specific immunity
  • T-cells: adaptive IS
  • B cellls: adaptive IS- secrete antibodies
58
Q

Platelets

About one-fourth the diameter of a ..?.., they are ..?.. fragments of extraordinarily large cells (up to 60 μm in diameter) called ..?… The granules contain an impressive array of chemicals that act in the ..?.. process, including ..?.., ..?.., a variety of enzymes, ..?.., and ….. (PDGF).
By sticking to the damaged site, platelets form a temporary ..?.. that helps ..?.. the break.
Because they are ..?.., platelets age quickly and ..?.. in about ..?.. days if they are not involved in ..?…
They circulate ..?.., kept mobile but ..?.. by molecules (..?.., ..?..) secreted by ..?.. cells lining the blood vessels.

A

Lymphocyte; cytoplasmic; megakaryocytes; clotting; serotonin; Ca21; ADP; platelet derived growth factor ; plug; seal; anucleate; degenerate; 10; clotting; freely; inactive; nitric oxide; prostacyclin; endothelial

59
Q

What hormone regulates the formation of platelets?

A

thrombopoietin

60
Q

What are the steps involved in hemostasis?

A
  1. Vascular spasm
  2. Platelet plug formation
  3. Coagulation (blood clotting)
61
Q

Phase 1 of hemostasis

Vessel constriction
- When platelets are activated, they release ..?.. to constrict ..?.. – causes ..?..
- Intact tissue releases ..?.. and ..?.. – ..?.. that signal that tissue is ..?.. and non-damaged
- Step 1: Vascular Spasm In the first step, the damaged blood vessels respond to injury by constricting (vasoconstriction). Factors that trigger this vascular spasm include direct ..?.. to ..?.. smooth muscle, chemicals released by ..?.. cells and platelets, and ..?.. initiated by local ..?.. receptors. The spasm mechanism becomes more efficient as the amount of tissue damage ..?.., and is most effective in the ..?.. blood vessels. The spasm response is valuable because a strongly constricted artery can significantly reduce blood loss for ..?.. minutes, allowing time for the next two steps to occur.

A

Serotonin; smooth muscle; vasoconstriction; NO; prostaglandins; vasodilators; healthy; injury; vascular; endothelial; reflexes; pain; increases; smaller; 20-30

62
Q

Phase 2 of hemostasis

  • Prothrombin= ..?..
  • ..?.. =fibrin monomers
  • Plasminogen= ..?.. (for ..?.. of ..?.. platelet plug)
  • Step 2: Platelet Plug Formation In the second step, platelets play a key role in
    haemostasis by ..?.. (sticking together), forming a plug that temporarily ..?.. the break in the vessel wall. They also help orchestrate subsequent events that form a blood clot. As a rule, platelets do not stick to ..?.. or to smooth ..?.. of blood vessels. Intact endothelial cells release ..?.. and a ..?.. called ..?.. (or PGI2). Both chemicals prevent platelet ..?.. in ..?.. tissue and ..?.. aggregation to the site of ..?… However, when endothelium is damaged and underlying ..?.. fibres are exposed, platelets ..?.. tenaciously to the ..?.. fibres. A large plasma protein called ..?.. stabilizes bound platelets by forming a ..?.. between ..?.. and ..?… Platelets ..?.., form ..?.. processes, become ..?.., and release chemical messengers including the following:
  • ..?.. (ADP)—a potent ..?.. agent that causes more platelets to ..?.. to the area and release their contents
A

Thrombin; fibrinogen; plasmin; degradation; fibrin; aggregating; seals; each other; endothelial linings; nitric oxide; prostaglandin; prostacyclin; aggregation; undamaged; restrict; injury; collagen; adhere; collagen; vin Willebrand factor; bound; bridge; collagen; platelets; swell; spiked; sticklers; Adenosine diphosphate; Adenosine diphosphate; stick;

63
Q

What is the role of prostaglandins in the hemostasis?

A
  • Maintain vasoconstriction that has been initiated by initial injury to the vessel
  • Decrease Ca2+ concentrations, resulting in decreased coagulation
64
Q

Intrinsic pathway
- stimulated by: ..?..
- end point: ..?..

A
  • collagen exposure
  • clotting
65
Q

Extrinsic pathway:

  • stimulated: ..?..
  • endpoint: ..?..
A

-tissue factor
- clotting

66
Q

Process of fibrinolysis

  • Clot is not ..?.. solution to blood vessel injury
  • Fibrinolysis removes ..?.. clots when ..?.. has occurred
  • Prevents vessels becoming completely ..?.. by clots
  • The critical natural “clot buster” is a ..?.. enzyme called …?.., which is produced when the plasma protein ..?.. is ..?…
  • Large amounts of ..?.. are incorporated into a ..?.. clot, where it remains ..?.. until appropriate ..?.. reach it.
  • The presence of a clot in and around the blood vessel causes the ..?.. cells to secrete ..?.. (tPA). Activated ..?.. and ..?.. released during clotting also activate ..?…
  • As a result, most plasmin activity is ..?.. to the clot, and ..?.. enzymes quickly ..?.. any ..?.. that strays into the plasma. Fibrinolysis begins within ..?.. days and continues slowly over several days until the clot finally ..?..
  • Vitamin ..?.. is a ..?.. in the synthesis of the ..?.. factors
A
  • permanent
  • unneeded; healing
  • blocked
  • fibrin digesting; plasmin; plasminogen; activated
  • plasminogen; forming; inactive; signals
  • endothelial; tissue plasminogen activator; factor XII; thrombin; plasminogen
  • confined; circulating; destroy; plasmin; 2; dissovles
  • K; cofactor; clotting
67
Q

Different levels for inhibiting coagulation:
- Anti-..?..: Stopping platelets from being ..?.. and forming ..?..
- Anti-..?.. (..?.., and ..?.. 3) = block ..?.. of ..?.. via the coagulation ..?.. by inhibiting formation of ..?..
- Fibrinolytic: ..?.. that ..?.. the clot (eg, streptokinase)
- In vivo: ..?.. and ..?.. pathways
- In vitro (blood sample): ..?.., EDTA, ..?.. citrate

A
  • platelets; activated; platelet plug
  • coagulation; heparin; anti thrombin; activation ; clotting factors; coagulation; thrombin
  • drugs; dissolve
  • intrinsic; extrinsic
  • heparin; sodium
68
Q

What does bleeding time assess?

A

Platelet function

69
Q

What does clotting time assess?

A
  • A rough test to assess the intrinsic pathway of coagulation
  • Is the time required for a sample of blood to coagulate in vitro under standard
    conditions.
70
Q

What does prothrombin and partial thromboplastin time assess?

A

quality of the extrinsic and common pathways of coagulation

71
Q

What is the prothrombin index?

A

The ratio between the PT of a blood sample taken from a person known to be normal, and the PT of a sample taken from the patient being investigated, using exactly the same reagents and process.

72
Q

Name the antigens and antibodies in blood group AB

A

Antigens- A, B
Antibodies- none

73
Q

Name the antigens and antibodies in blood group B

A

WAPT- Physiology (9 decks)

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