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Biology GCSE > The Nervous System > Flashcards

The Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are receptors?

A

cells that detect changes in the internal or external environment

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2
Q

What are coordination centres?

A

areas that. receive and process the information from the receptors. They send out signals and coordinate the response of the body e.g. brain spinal cord and pancreas

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3
Q

What are effectors?

A

Muscles or glands that bring about responses to the stimulus

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4
Q

What is the nervous system made up of?

A

sensory neurones - carry impulses from receptors to. CNS
CNS - Central nervous system - Brain and spinal cord
motor neurones - carry impulses from CNS to effectors

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5
Q

What is a reflex?

A

rapid automatic responses to certain stimuli that don’t involve the conscious part of the brain

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6
Q

What is a synapse?

A

Connection between two neurones

nerve signal is transferred by chemicals

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7
Q

What is the reflex arc?

A

stimulus detected by a receptor – sensory neurone – relay neurone –motor neurone – effector

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8
Q

What is reaction time?

A

how quickly you respond

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9
Q

How to measure reaction time?

A

Drop ruler test - catch a ruler as quickly as possible that is dropped from above you - number on ruler = reaction time. Lower number = quicker time
Computer eg clicking mouse when image shown on screen

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10
Q

What is the structure of the brain?

A

Billions of interconnected neurones

Formed of the cerebral cortex, medulla, cerebellum

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11
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

The outer bit - in control of consciousness, intelligence, memory and language

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12
Q

What is the medulla?

A

Controls unconscious activities e.g. breathing, heartbeat, temperature

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13
Q

What is the cerebellum?

A

Responsible fro muscle coordination

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14
Q

What is the spinal cord?

A

A continuation of the brain to form the rest of the CNS

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15
Q

How to study the brain?

A

Watching
Electrical stimulation
MRI

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16
Q

Structure of the eye?

A

Sclera, cornea, iris, pupil, lens, retina

17
Q

,What is the sclera?

A

Tough, supporting wall of the eye - the whites of your eyes

18
Q

What is the cornea?

A

Transparent outer layer of the front of the eye, refracts light into the eye

19
Q

What is the iris?

A

Coloured part of the eye
Contains muscles that control the size of the pupil
The pupil is the hole in the middle of the iris

20
Q

What is the lens?

A

Focusses light onto the retina

21
Q

What controls the shape of the lens?

A

Ciliary muscles and suspensory ligaments

22
Q

What is the retina?

A

Contains receptor cells sensitive to light intensity and colour

23
Q

What does the optic nerve do?

A

Transmit impulses from the receptors on the retina to the brain

24
Q

What is the iris reflex?

A

Very bright light – detected by receptors – reflex triggered – circular muscles in iris contract – smaller pupil

25
Q

What is accommodation?

A

When the eye focusses light on the retina by changing the shape of the lens

26
Q

How to focus on near objects?

A

Ciliary muscles tighten

Suspensory muscles relax

27
Q

How to focus on far objects?

A

Ciliary muscles relax

Suspensory muscles tighten

28
Q

Long sighted?

A

Unable to focus on near objects
Lens is wrong shape - does not refract light enough
Eyeball is too short
Glasses with convex lens

29
Q

Short sighted?

A

Unable to focus of distant objects
Lens is wrong shape - refracts light too much
Eyeball too long
Glasses with concave lens

30
Q

Treatments for vision defects?

A

Contact lenses
Laser eye surgery
Replacement lens surgery

Biology GCSE (8 decks)

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