Non-Communicable Diseases

Question 1

What is a non communicable disease?

Answer 1

Cannot be spread between people or animals generally last for a long time. They are caused by several different risk factors interacting with each other.

Question 2

What is a risk factor?

Answer 2

Things that cause an increased likelihood that a person will develop a certain disease during their lifetime.

Question 3

Examples of risk factors

Answer 3

Lifestyle factors- Smoking, poor diet, lack of exercise

Environmental factors- Air pollution, asbestos

Question 4

What does smoking do?

Answer 4

Cardiovascular disease, lung disease/cancer, health problems in unborn babies.

Question 5

What does obesity do?

Answer 5

Causes type 2 diabetes by making the body resistant to insulin and breathing problems.

Question 6

What does alcohol do?

Answer 6

Liver disease, affect brain function, health problems in unborn babies

Question 7

What is a carcinogen?

Answer 7

Something that causes cancer

Question 8

How does living in a developed country affect disease?

Answer 8

More money so better healthcare= less communicable diseases

More money= High fat food= Non communicable disease

Question 9

How does living in a deprived area affect health?

Answer 9

More likely to smoke, have a poor diet and not exercise

Question 10

Cost of non communicable disease

Answer 10

Death-Shorter life span and lower quality of life
Financial- To families e.g. adapting home, giving up work,
to NHS-Researching and treating disease
to economy- people can’t work, income reduced.

Question 11

How is cancer caused?

Answer 11

Cancer is caused by uncontrolled cell growth and division. This results into the formation of a tumour.

Question 12

What is a benign tumour?

Answer 12

The tumour grows until there’s no more room, it stays In one place and doesn’t invade other tissues in the body Normally this tumour isn’t dangerous, and isn’t cancerous.

Question 13

What is a malignant tumour?

Answer 13

The tumour grows and spreads to neighbouring healthy tissues. Cells can break off and spread to other parts of the body by the bloodstream. The malignant cells then invade healthy tissues elsewhere in the body and form secondary tumours. They are dangerous and can be fatal they are cancers.

Question 14

What does UV exposure do?

Answer 14

Increases the chance of skin cancer. People who are prone to the sun or use sun beds are at a higher risk of getting skin cancer.

Question 15

What do viral infections do? in terms of cancer

Answer 15

Infection with hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses can increase the risk of developing liver cancer. Sometimes hepatitis B and C can spread through lifestyle choices like unprotected sex or sharing needles.

Question 16

Genetic risk factors in terms of cancer

Answer 16

You can inherit faulty genes that can make you more susceptible to cancer, changes in BRCA genes have been linked to an increased likelihood of developing breast and ovarian cancer.

Question 17

What is coronary heart disease?

Answer 17

Coronary heart disease is when the coronary arteries that supply the blood to the muscle of the heart get blocked by layers of fatter material building up. This makes the arteries become narrow so then the blood flow is restricted and there’s a lack of oxygen to the heart muscle, you can get a heart attack from this.

Question 18

What are stents?

Answer 18

Stents are tubes that are inserted inside arteries keeping them open so that blood can pass through to heart muscles. This keeps the person’s heart beating.

Question 19

How do stents help the heart?

Answer 19

They lower the risk of a heart attack in people with coronary heart disease. They are effective for a long time and the recovery time from surgery is relatively quick. However there are risks of complications during the operation and a risk of an infection afterwards, the person could also develop a blood clot near the stent (thrombosis).

Question 20

What is cholesterol?

Answer 20

Cholesterol is an essential lipid that your body produces and needs to function properly. Too much of a certain type of cholesterol , LDL cholesterol, can cause health problems. Having too much in the bloodstream can cause fatty deposits to form inside the arteries, which can lead to coronary heart disease.

Question 21

What are statins?

Answer 21

Statins are drugs that can reduce the amount of bad cholesterol present in the bloodstream. This slows down the rate of fatty deposits forming.

Question 22

Advantages of Statins

Answer 22

Reduces risks of strokes, coronary heart disease and heart attacks.
increase the amount of a beneficial type of cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, in your bloodstream. It can remove bad cholesterol from the blood.
Statins may also prevent other diseases.

Question 23

Disadvantages of Statins

Answer 23

are a long time drug that must be taken regularly.
Sometimes cause headaches or kidney failure, liver damage and memory loss.
The effect of statins isn’t instant, it takes time.

Question 24

Artificial hearts

Answer 24

mechanical devices that pump blood for a person whose heart has failed. They’re only temporary until a donor heart is available. sometimes they are used as a permanent fix reducing the need for a donor heart.

Question 25

Advantages of artificial hearts

Answer 25

Less likely to reject it than a donor heart because it’s made from metals or plastics, so the body doesn’t recognise it as foreign.

Question 26

Disadvantages of artificial hearts

Answer 26

surgery to fit one can lead to bleeding and infection. They don’t work as well as healthy natural ones and the electrical motor could fail. Blood also doesn’t flow through as smoothy so blood clots could happen and lead to strokes. The patient has to take drugs to thin their blood and make sure this doesn’t happen and this can cause problems with bleeding if they’re hurt in an accident.

Question 27

What happens when a valve is faulty?

Answer 27

They can be damaged or weakened by a heart attack, infection or old age. The valve tissue will stiffen and it won’t open properly. The valve might be leaky allowing. blood to flow in both directions rather than just forwards. The blood doesn’t circulate as effectively as normal.

Question 28

Replacing a valve

Answer 28

replacements can be taken from humans or other mammals e.g. cows or pigs, these are biological valve. Or they can be man made, mechanical valves. It’s much less a drastic procedure than a whole heart transplant. It’s still a major surgery and can still be problems with blood clots.

Question 29

Artificial blood

Answer 29

blood substitute, salt solution, saline. Is used to replace the lost volume of blood. This gives enough time for the person to produce their blood cells and if not a blood transfusion is needed.

Question 30

What are the components of blood?

Answer 30

Red blood cells, White blood cells, Platelets, plasma

Question 31

What are red blood cells?

Answer 31

Carry oxygen
biconcave disc= Large surface area
no nucleus
contain haemoglobin, which binds the oxygen

Question 32

What are white blood cells?

Answer 32

Defence against infection
Lymphocytes make antibodies
Phagocytes engulf and digest. pathogens

Question 33

What are platelets?

Answer 33

Help the blood clot
Small fragments of cells
No nucleus

Question 34

What is plasma?

Answer 34

Liquid that carries everything in blood e.g. red and white blood cells, platelets, glucose, amino acids, carbon dioxide, urea, hormones, proteins and antibodies.

Question 35

What are the types of blood vessel?

Answer 35

Arteries, veins and capillaries

Question 36

What are arteries?

Answer 36

Carry blood away from heart
oxygenated blood
thick muscular walls 
small lumen
stretch when blood is In It and goes back to shape
High pressure

Question 37

What are veins?

Answer 37

carry blood to the heart
deoxygenated blood
thin muscular walls
big lumen
have valves to prevent backflow
low pressure

Question 38

What are capillaries?

Answer 38

Network of tiny vessels. linking arteries and veins
narrow, thin walls - one cell thick
diffusion of substances

Question 39

What is the double circulatory system?

Answer 39

Pulmonary circulation carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs to be oxygenated, then returns it to the heart
systemic circulation carries oxygenated blood to the whole body and returns deoxygenated blood to the heart.

Question 40

What is the structure of the heart?

Answer 40

2 atria 2 ventricles

blood flows from the vein into the atria, to the ventricle, into an artery

Question 41

What is the heart?

Answer 41

An organ that pumps blood around the body

made up of muscle supplied by coronary arteries

Question 42

describe blood flow through the heart

Answer 42

systemic circulation – vena cava – right atrium – right ventricle – pulmonary artery – lungs – pulmonary vein – left atrium – left ventricle — aorta – systemic circulation

Question 43

What is heart rate controlled by?

Answer 43

pacemaker cells in the right atrium

they produce electrical impulses which causes the muscle to contract.