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Anatomy And Physiology II > The Nervous System > Flashcards

The Nervous System Flashcards

0
Q

What is integration?

A

Processing of stimulation, decision, thought, reaction

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1
Q

What does the CNS control?

A

Brain and spinal nerves and integration

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2
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system control?

A

Cranial and spinal nerves, sensory and motor function.

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3
Q

What are the two divisions of the PNS?

A

Somatic and autonomic nervous system

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4
Q

What is the somatic nervous system?

A

Deals with the voluntary nerve tissue (mostly skeletal)

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5
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system deal with?

A

Involuntary nerve tissue

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6
Q

What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

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7
Q

What is the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Controls epinephrine release, involuntary stimulation of the body, and flight or fight response

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8
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?

A

Controls norepinephrine , stimulates relaxation of body

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9
Q

What does epinefrine do? (5)

A 
Increases cardiac rate
Increases blood flow to muscle tissue
Decreases blood flow to skin
Decreases motility
Dilates bronchioles
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10
Q

What does norepinephrine do?

A 
Decreases heart rate
Decreases blood flow to muscle tissue
Increases blood flow to the skin
Increases gastric motility
Constricts bronchiols
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11
Q

What are the three main aspects of the nervous system?

A

Sensory nerve function, integration, motor responses

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12
Q

What are afterwards nerves?

A

Peripheral nerves that send impulse to CNS

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13
Q

What are efferent nerves?

A

Peripheral nerves that send impulse away from CNS

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14
Q

What are the two types of nervous tissue?

A

Neurons and neuroglial cells

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15
Q

What are the two parts of a neuron?

A

Soma, dendrites, and axon.

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16
Q

What does the soma lack?

A

Centrioles

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17
Q

What cells have well defined cell bodies?

A

Brain and spinal cells

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18
Q

What are the six parts of an axon?

A

Axolemma, axon collateral, axon terminal, synaptic knobs, synapse, NA/K pump.

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19
Q

What is the axolemma?

A

Membrane of the axon with the pump

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20
Q

What is the axon collateral?

A

Branch off of axon

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21
Q

What is the axon terminal?

A

End of the neuron

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22
Q

What are the synaptic knobs?

A

Little knobs at the end of the branches

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23
Q

What is the synapse?

A

Space between two nerves

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24
Q

What is hypokalemia?

A

Low in potassium

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25
Q

What is a normal potassium level?

A

3.7

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26
Q

What is an abnormal low potassium level?

A

1.2

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27
Q

What are two types of neuroglial cells?

A

Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells

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28
Q

What are oligodendrocytes?

A

Located in CNS and contain a small amount of myelin causing them to be gray matter. They have slower action

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29
Q

What are Schwann cells?

A

Located in PNS and have think layer of myelin making them white mater and fast action.

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30
Q

What are the nodes of ranvier?

A

Gaps between the oligodendrocytes or Schwann cells.

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31
Q

What does saltatory mean?

A

To leap

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32
Q

What is synaptic transmission?

A

Successful communication between 2 adjacent nerves or a nerve and another tissue

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33
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

Ions, hormones, amino acids, enzymes released due to nerve impulse from presynaptic knobs

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34
Q

What are the two kinda of neuro transmitters?

A

Excitatory and inhibitory

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35
Q

What are the three basic stages of nerve stimulation?

A

Resting phase, depolarization, repolarization.

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36
Q

What is the resting phase?

A

Resting action potential, nerve is ready to fire, equal NA on outside, K on inside.

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37
Q

What is depolarization?

A

Firing of nerve, NA goes inside, K goes outside causing it to not be polar

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38
Q

What is repolarization?

A

Occurs immediately after depolarization, pump created nerve to be polarized pushing NA inside and K outside.

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39
Q

What is the threshold?

A

Where the stimuli must reach to fire nerve

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40
Q

What is the refractory period?

A

Time it takes for nerve to get ready to fire again

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41
Q

What does the dorsal cavity contain?

A

Brain and spinal cord and lined with meninges

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42
Q

What are the 3 layer of the dorsal cavity?

A

Dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater

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43
Q

What are the four parts of the brain?

A

Cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, brain stem.

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44
Q

What are gyri?

A

Raise portions of the cerebrum

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45
Q

What are the sulci?

A

Grooves of the cerebrum.

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46
Q

What divided the cerebrum into left and right hemespheres?

A

Longitudinal fissure

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47
Q

What separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum?

A

Transverse fissure

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48
Q

What are the four lobes of the brain?

A

Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

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49
Q

What are the commissural tracts?

A

Communication between the R and L cerebrum known and hemispheric lateralization.

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50
Q

The gyri of the left cerebrum sends impulses where?

A

To the right side of the brain

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51
Q

What are the 3 groups of commissural tracts?

A

Corpus collosum
Anterior commissure
Posterior commissure.

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52
Q

How many ventricles of the brain are there?

A

4

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53
Q

Where are the ventricles 1 and 2 located?

A

Inside corpus collosum

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54
Q

Where is ventricle 3 located?

A

Below corpus collosum

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55
Q

Where is ventricle 4 located?

A

Anterior to cerebellum, posterior to pons of midbrain

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56
Q

What do all ventricles of the brain contain?

A

Choroid plexus

57
Q

What is the choroid plexus?

A

Specialized tissue cells that produce CsF

58
Q

What is the cerebral aqueduct?

A

Pathway for CSF to move through brain and around spinal chord

59
Q

Which side of the cerebrum is bigger?

A

Temporal region of L hemesphere

60
Q

What does the L cerebral hemisphere control?

A

Language, numerics, science, reason

61
Q

What does the R cerebral hemisphere control?

A

Music, art, facial recognition, emotional content of language, generates mental stimulate from five senses.

62
Q

What 4 structures does the diencephalon contain?

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, sub thalamus

63
Q

What does the thalamus do?

A

Plays a role in coordinating nerve impulses between the brain and spinal cord

64
Q

What does the hypothalamus

Do?

A

Controls pituitary gland

65
Q

What does the epithalamus do?

A

Contains the pineal gland

66
Q

What does the sub thalamus do?

A

Works with cerebellum to help control body movement/coordination

67
Q

What is the limbic system?

A

Tissue that surrounds the diencephalon and plays a big role in emotion

68
Q

What emotions does the limbic system control?

A

Emotional pain, affection, anger, sadness, docility/temperment

69
Q

Where is the cerebellum located?

A

Dorsal/ventral to the cerebrum

70
Q

What supports the cerebelum?

A

Tentorium cerebellum and cerebellar peduncles

71
Q

What is the cerebellar cortex?

A

Gray matter surrounding the outside of the cerebellum

72
Q

What are folia?

A

Raised bumps of the cerebellum

73
Q

What are the arbor vitae?

A

“Little tree” made of white matter. Branches move outward towards cortex

74
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Coordination, posteur, movement, balance

75
Q

What are the three structures of the brain stem?

A

The midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

76
Q

What does the midbrain control?

A

Coordinates head and body,?eye rotation and pupil constriction, and visual focus

77
Q

What is the pons?

A

Raised section on anterior surface of the brain stem

78
Q

What are the two types of specialized neurons in the pons?

A

Pneumotaxic and apneustic

79
Q

What is the pons function?

A

Connected to respiratory function

80
Q

What does the medulla oblongata control?

A

Controls proprioception, cardiovascular activity, and respiratory system and reflexes.

81
Q

What is proprioception?

A

Brains ability to maintain certain positions

82
Q

How does the medulla oblongata control the respiratory system?

A

Controls breathing pattern

83
Q

What reflexes does the medulla oblongata control?

A

Coughing sneezing and committing

84
Q

The spinal cord is home base for what?

A

All peripheral nerves except the 12 crainial nerves

85
Q

What type of meninges does the spinal cord contain?

A

Dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater.

86
Q

What is the cardia equina?

A

End of the spinal cord where it begins to taper and Frey

87
Q

What is the sacral plexus?

A

Where the spinal cord becomes very freyd

88
Q

What is the spinal cord mostly composed of?

A

White matter

89
Q

What is the ventral median sulcus?

A

Area if vasculature for the spinal cord

90
Q

Is the central spinal cord gray or white matter?

A

Gray matter

91
Q

What does the central canal help control?

A

Pressure

92
Q

What is the dorsal nerve root?

A

Composed of afferent nerves carrying sensory impulses towards the spinal cord and brain

93
Q

What is the ventral nerve root?

A

Efferent nerves carrying motor impulses to the body

94
Q

What is the reflex arch?

A

Quick stimulus of nerve that travels to the spinal cord and immediately back without the brain knowing

95
Q

What are the seven nerve plexus?

A

Sacral, cervical, brachial, lumbar, celiac, coccygeal, and auerbach’s

96
Q

What nerves does the sacral plexus contain?

A

Pelvis, buttocks, genitals, thighs, calves, and feet.

97
Q

What nerves does the cervical plexus have?

A

Head neck and shoulders

98
Q

What nerves does the brachial plexus contain?

A

Chest shoulders arms and hands

99
Q

What nerves does the lumbar plexus have?

A

Back, abdomen groin thighs knees and calves

100
Q

What nerves does the celiac plexus have?

A

Internal organs

101
Q

What nerves do the coccygeal plexus have?

A

Serves a small region over the coccyx

102
Q

What. Nerves do the auerbach’s plexus have?

A

Serves gaatrointestinal tract

103
Q

What are the four corpuscles of the sence touch?

A

Kraus (cold), Rufini (heat), meisner (touch), Paccini (pressure)

104
Q

What are pain receptors called?

A

Nociceptors

105
Q

What are the four processes of pain?

A

Transduction, transmission, modulation, perception

106
Q

What are the five levels of pain?

A

Superficial, deep, visceral, acute, and chronic

107
Q

What is superficial pain?

A

Mild annoyance

108
Q

What is deep pain

A

Less tolerable, joints and muscles

109
Q

What is visceral pain?

A

Organ pain

110
Q

What is acute pain?

A

Rapid sharp onset pain

111
Q

What is chronic pain?

A

On going pain

112
Q

What is a toe pinch test used for?

A

To see if nerves respond to pain

113
Q

What is the touch sense also known as?

A

Tactile sense

114
Q

What is the nasal cavity lined with?

A

Nasal epithelium

115
Q

What are ole factory receptor cells?

A

Tiny hairs

116
Q

What are olfactory tracts?

A

Tracts if nerves from the olfactory bulbs towards center if the cerebrum

117
Q

What is the function of smell?

A

Food gathering, protection, communication, and maybe to smell colors

118
Q

What is the taste sense also known as?

A

Gustatory sense

119
Q

What are the structures of the gustatory sense?

A

Salivary glands, saliva, fungi form papilla, taste buds, and gustatory hair cells

120
Q

What are the four primary taste sensations?

A

Sweet, sour, salty, bitter

121
Q

What is the taste physiology?

A

Food enters mouth, stimulates salivary production, saliva stimulates gustatory receptor cells, taste nerve impulses sent to brain

122
Q

What are the 3 basic parts of the eye?

A

Accessory structures, eyeball, ocular nerves

123
Q

What are rectus muscles aka?

A

Extra ocular muscles

124
Q

What are the six six rectus muscles?

A

Superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, lateral rectus, and 2 oblique rectus

125
Q

What are meibomian glands?

A

Glands that produce oil to lubricate the eye

126
Q

What are the 2 layers of the eyelids?

A

Dermal, conjunctiva

127
Q

What are the three layers if the conjunctiva?

A

Bulbar, palpebral, nictating

128
Q

What is the bulbar conjunctiva?

A

Clear transparent lid that lies over the front of the eye ball

129
Q

What is the palpebral conjunctiva?

A

Continuum of the bulbar, continues up the surface of the eye and bridges the gap between the eye and the dermal lid.

130
Q

What is the nictating membrane?

A

Opaque, whitish, color. Closes over the eye from the corner. Can be an indicator of illness and can determine icterus.

131
Q

What is the lacrimal apparatus?

A

Tear production

132
Q

What is the medial canthus?

A

Medial corner of the eye

133
Q

What is the lateral canthus?

A

Outter corner of the eye

134
Q

Where are the lacrimal glands located?

A

Above the lateral canthus of the eye

135
Q

What are the secretory ducts?

A

What the tears travel through to get to the surface

136
Q

What is the lacrimal puncta?

A

Tiny holes at the medial canthus of the upper and lower dermal lids

137
Q

Where do the tears drain out of?

A

The upper and lower caniliculi

138
Q

What is the lacrimal sac?

A

Widened area where tears build up as they drain

139
Q

What is the nasolacrimal duct?

A

Duct that leads to the nasal cavity

Anatomy And Physiology II (6 decks)

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