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Anatomy And Physiology II > Glands and Hormones > Flashcards

Glands and Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

What are androgens?

A

Small variety of sex hormones that don’t have a big effect on males. In females they help produce some estrogen when follicles of the ovaries arn’t producing much.

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2
Q

What is the adrenal medulla and what does it do?

A

The center of an adrenal gland, it uses Chromofin cells to produce hormones.

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3
Q

What are the two hormones produced by the adrenal medulla?

A

epinefrine and norepinefrine

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4
Q

What is Cushing’s disease?

A

To much coritsol being pushed into the blood stream. It is typically found in older dogs.

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5
Q

what are symptoms of cushing’s disease?

A

Rounded abdomen, bi-lateral hair loss on the flanks and somtimes hyper pigmentation

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6
Q

What is addisons disease?

A

To little production of cortizol, typically in young dogs, esp. poodles.

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7
Q

What are some symptoms of addisons disease?

A

Spike in potassium (normally 3.6, spikes to 7-8)

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8
Q

What is the function of the Thymus Gland?

A

Produce a limited amount of T-cells to release into the body

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9
Q

Is the dog older or younger if there is less thymus gland tissue?

A

older

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10
Q

What is the function Prostoglandins? (aka tissue hormones)

A

play an important role in inflammation and reduction of fever.

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11
Q

what is the function of Pg-E?

A

Inflammatory

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12
Q

What is the function of Pg-F2-Alpha?

A

Prostoglandins that destroys corpus lutem.

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13
Q

What is Corpus Lutem?

A

It suppresses progesterone

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14
Q

What is Progesterone?

A

Maintains pregnancy

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15
Q

What does epinefrine do?

A

Increases the cardiac rate
increases blood flow to the muscle tissue
decreases blood flow to the skin
dialates bronchioles
decreases gastric and intestinal motility

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16
Q

What does norepinefrine do?

A 
Slows the heart rate
decreases blood flow to muscle tissue
increases blood flow to the skin
constricts bronchioles
increases gastric and intestinal motility
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17
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the nervous system?

A
  1. Sensory Nerve Function
  2. Integration
  3. motor response
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18
Q

What is the sensory nerve function responsible for?

A
  • Detection

- Afferent Nerve tissue

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19
Q

What are afferent nerves?

A

peripheral nerves carrying a nerve impules to the CNS

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20
Q

What is integration responsible for?

A

Analyzing, storage, decision making process and it is strictly done with the brain

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21
Q

What is the motor response?

A

response to integration

carries info away from the brain and spinal cord

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22
Q

what are efferent nerves?

A

peripheral nerves that send nerve impulses away from the brain

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23
Q

95% if the causes for hypothyroidism is because if what?

A

Atrophy of the thyroid gland

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24
Q

5% of the causes of hypothyroidism is because of what?

A

Lack if TSH from the pituitary gland

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25
Q

What are some symptoms of hypothyroidism? (5)

A 
Overweight
Dull or lacking hair coat
Cold temp
Lethargic/hard to maintain body weight
Bradiocardic
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26
Q

What are some symptoms of hyperthyroidism? (6)

A 
Extreme weight loss
Extreme hunger
Dull oily or thin hair coat
Warm temp
Tachycardia
Opaque Shelly nails
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27
Q

How many parathyroid glands do dogs and cats have?

A

4

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28
Q

What is the function of the parathyroid gland?

A

Helps keep calcium from getting to low in the body by producing PTH

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29
Q

What are three ways the parathyroid hormone controls Calcium levels?

A
  1. Stimulates osteoclasts
  2. Makes kidneys excrete less CA in urine
  3. Makes small intestine absorb more CA
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30
Q

The pancrease is __% digestive and __% endocrine?

A

99% and 1-2%

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31
Q

What are four types of pancreatic cells?

A
  1. Alpha
  2. Beta
  3. Delta
  4. f-cells
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32
Q

What do alpha cells produce? And what is their function?

A

Produce glucagon, transported into the blood stream and used for glucose cells or stored in the liver

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33
Q

What do beta cells produce and why?

A

Produce insulin, a molecule that helps move glucose into the body cells

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34
Q

What so delta cells produce and why?

A

Produce somatosin inhibiting the production of insulin and glucogon

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35
Q

What do F cells produce and why?

A

Produce somatosin inhibitor

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36
Q

What percentage of the pancreatic islet is alpha, beta, and delta cells?

A

Alpha: 15%
Beta: 80%
Delta: 5%

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37
Q

What are the 3 zones of the adrenal cortex?

A

Zona glomerulosa
Zone fasciculata
Zona reticularis

38
Q

What is the function of the zone glomerulosa?

A

Produces 95% of aldosterone in body.

39
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A

Travels to kidney tissue and plays a big role in controlling BP

40
Q

What is the function if the zone fasciculata? (6)

A 
Proton breakdown
Steroids
Lipolysis
Stress reduction
Formation of glucose
Anti inflammatory process
41
Q

What are the three steroids produced by the zonal fasciculata?

A
  1. Glucorticoids
  2. Cortisol
  3. Hydrocortizone.
42
Q

Name the four systems we are studying

A
  1. Endocrine
  2. Nervous
  3. Urinary
  4. Reproductive
43
Q

What does the surface of the gland tissue normally look like?

A

Bumpy and rough

44
Q

What is the function of the endocrine system?

A

Produces hormones that help maintain homeostasis

45
Q

What are the 2 basic types of glands?

A

Endocrine and exocrine glands

46
Q

What is the function of the endocrine glands?

A

Brings hormones directly through bloodstream without ducts

47
Q

What do exocrine glands do?

A

Produce substances that travel through ducts

48
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers, a molecular solution released into the bloodstream. They have various binding qualities

49
Q

What are the three binding qualities of the target tissues or cells?

A
  1. Shape
  2. Chemical reaction
  3. Surface texture
50
Q

What is the zona reticularis and what does it produce?

A

The inner most zone and produces small amount of androgens

51
Q

What percent of the endocrine system are negative and positive feedback loops?

A

95% and 10%

52
Q

What is a negative feedback loop?

A

System acting upon a deficit in the body

53
Q

What is a positive feedback loop?

A

System acting upon a need for something extra

54
Q

What are the eight major endocrine glands?

A
  1. Hypothalamus
  2. Pituitary gland
  3. Thyroid gland
  4. Parathyroid gland
  5. Adrenal gland
  6. Pancrease
  7. Pineal gland
  8. Gonads
55
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

True master gland, directly controls the pituitary and indirectly controls everything’s else

56
Q

What type of cells is the hypothalamus made of?

A

Neurosecretory cells

57
Q

What are the four types of hormones Neurosecretory cells produce?

A
  1. Releasing hormones
  2. Inhibiting hormones
  3. ADH
    4 oxytocin
58
Q

What are releasing hormones?

A

Travel to the anterior pituitary gland to stimulate it to release 7 other hormones

59
Q

What are inhibiting hormones?

A

they travel to the anterior pituitary gland to make it stop producing releasing hormones

60
Q

What are Antidiuretic Hormones? (ADH)

A

They travel to the posterior pituitary gland and store there until needed by the kidneys

61
Q

What is Oxytocin?

A

A hormone that travels to the posterior pituitary gland and sits there

62
Q

What are the 7 hormones the anterior pituitary gland produces? (LGTFPAM)

A 
Growth Hormone
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
Follicular Stimulating Hormone
Lueteinizing Hormone
Prolactin
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
Melanocute Stimulating Hormone
63
Q

What does the growth hormone do?

A

promotes growth during early years and regulates amount of insulin in blood stream and metabolism.

69
Q

How does Somatosin regulate metabolism?

A

Anabolism and catabolism

70
Q

What is anabolism

A

Process in which protiens are built and carbs and lipids are aynthesized

71
Q

What is catabolism?

A

Breakdown of protiens lipids and carbs

72
Q

What are the 3 structures of HTHP tract?

A

Axon terminal, primary plexus, secondary plexus

73
Q

What is the axon terminal?

A

Extensions of Neurosecretory cells from hypothalamus and pituitary gland

74
Q

What is the primary plexus?

A

Network of blood capillaries that surround hypothalamus

75
Q

What is the secondary plexus?

A

Network of capillaries that surround pituitary gland

76
Q

What is anther name for the pituitary gland?

A

Hypophysis

77
Q

What is the function of the pituitary gland?

A

Make or store hormones

78
Q

What are the two parts of the pituitary gland and what are they AKA?

A

Anterior Pituitary aka adenohypophysis and posterior pituitary aka neurophysis

79
Q

What does the thyroid stimulating growth hormone do?

A

Travels to the thyroid gland and contributes to growth of the gland and stimulates thyroid to release hormones

80
Q

What does the follicular stimulators hormone do?

A

Travels to ovaries stimulating ovarian follicles to release hormones

81
Q

What are the luteinizing hormone do?

A

Travels to the ovarian tissue stimulating ovarian follicles breaking them down that triggers the release of progesterone.

82
Q

What does prolactin do?

A

Goes to mammary tissue and helps stimulate and maintain lactation cycle

83
Q

What does andrenocorticotropic hormone do?

A

Travels to the adrenal gland to stimulate them to release hormone

84
Q

What does the melanocytes stimulating hormone do?

A

Gives skin color

85
Q

What gives animals the reflective element in their eyes?

A

Tapetum lucedum made with irridophores

86
Q

What does the pineal gland control?

A

Mood, sleep, and wake cycle

87
Q

Where is the pineal gland located?

A

Between 2 hemispheres of the cerebrum

88
Q

What hormones do the pineal gland produce? (2)

A

Melatonin and Seratonin

89
Q

What does the thyroid gland do?

A

Produces hormones which have a valor genie effect on the body and effects metabolism

90
Q

What do follicular cells produce?

A

Thyroglobulin (protein)

91
Q

What do follicular cells trap?

A

Iodine?

92
Q

What do para follicular cells produce?

A

Calcitonin

93
Q

What does calcitonin do?

A

Slows down osteoclasts

94
Q

What are the 2 hormones produced by the thyroid gland?

A

Thyroxine (t4)

Triiodothyronine (t3)

95
Q

What is the only hormone effective on the cells if the body?

A

Triiodothyronine (t3)

96
Q

What percent of thyroxine and triiodothyronine is produced in the thyroid gland?

A

80% t4 thyroxine

20% t3 triiodothyronine

Anatomy And Physiology II (6 decks)

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