The Nervous System Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 3 germ layers?
A
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
2
Q
- From day 15 to end of eighth week
- Organs are formed.
A
Embryonic stage
3
Q
- End of eight week until birth
- Nervous system develops more fully; myelination begins.
A
Fetal stage
4
Q
this germ layer develops into sensory organs , epidermis, and nervous system
A
Ectoderm
5
Q
this germ layer develops into dermis, muscles, skeleton, and excretory and circulatory systems
A
Mesoderm
6
Q
this germ layer gives rise to epithelia and glands (GI tract, respiratory tract, and genitourinary tract
A
Endoderm
7
Q
formation of the neural tube and happen between day 18-26
A
Neurulation
8
Q
What are the two layers called that the neural tube differentiates into during day 26?
A
Mantle layer
Marginal layer
9
Q
inner layer contains cell bodies; will become gray matter
A
Mantle layer
10
Q
outer layer contains processes of cells whose bodies are located in inner layer; will become white matter
A
Marginal layer
11
Q
What do the cranial part of the neural tube form?
A
brain
12
Q
What do the caudal part of the neural tube form?
A
spinal cord
13
Q
What do the central cavity of the neural tube form?
A
- ventricles of the brain
- central canal of the spinal cord
14
Q
What are the groups of cells?
A
ventral and dorsal
15
Q
dorsal cell group that has sensory neurons
A
Alar plate
16
Q
ventral cell group that has motor neurons
A
Basal plate
17
Q
What is formed when the motor and sensory nerves merge?
A
Spinal nerve
18
Q
What kind of nerves are formed by the spinal nerve?
A
Mixed nerves
19
Q
What are the two neurons that the brain is divided into?
A
Afferent neurons
Efferent neurons
20
Q
neurons that carry information from sensory receptors of the skin and other organs to the central nervous system
A
Afferent neurons
21
Q
neurons that carry motor information away from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands of the body
A
Efferent neurons
22
Q
What are the 5 developmental regions of the brain (secondary brain vesicles)?
A
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon
23
Q
flexure between the forebrain and midbrain
A
Cephalic flexure
24
Q
flexure between the hindbrain and spinal cord
A
Cervical flexure
25
flexure between the metencephalon and mylencephalon
Pontine Flexure
26
What are the 3 primary brain vesicles?
Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain
27
Name the two regions that the brain is divided into
Neurocranium
Viscerocranium
28
What are the 4 arches that the ventral part of the forming head expand into?
Arch 1
Arch 2
Arch 3
Arch 4 and 6
29
What cranial nerve is arch 1 innervated by?
cranial verve 5 " trigeminal" - muscles of mastication
30
What cranial nerve is arch 2 innervated by?
cranial nerve 7 "Facial" - muscles of facial expression
31
What cranial nerve is arch 3 innervated by?
cranial nerve 9 "glossopharyngeal" - gives rise to the stylopharyngeus muscle
32
What cranial nerve is arch 4 & 6 innervated by?
cranial nerve 10 "vagus" - gives rise to the internal muscles of the soft palate
33
What type of nerves innervate the arches?
cranial nerves
34
the skeletal muscle of the head and deep neck that form within the arches is classified as what?
pharyngeal (branchial) arch muscles
35
What does the neurocranium region of the brain form?
1. form around the neural tube (future brain)
2. form protective case for the brain
36
What does the viscerocranium region of the brain form?
1. forms around the endoderm tube
2. forms the visceral components of the head (mouth, nasal cavity, and pharynx)
3. forms the skeleton of the face and skull
37
What are the functions of the adult nervous system?
* functions to detect changes in the internal/external environment
* brings about the appropriate responses in muscles, organs, and glands
38
What are the components of the adult nervous system?
1. neurons
2. neuroglia
39
Sequence of events following stimulation of a sensory receptor:
40
Do neuroglial cells transport or process information?
No
41
What are the 3 main types of glia?
1. oligodendrocytes
2. astrocytes
3. microglia
42
a type of glia that form the myelin sheath within the CNS
oligodendrocytes
43
a type of glia that form the selectively permeable barrier between the circulatory system and the neurons of the brain and spinal cord, generating the blood-brain barrier
astrocytes
44
a type of glia cell that has a phagocytic role in response to nervous system damage
microglia
45
What are the 2 type of glial cells in the PNS?
1. Schwann cells
2. Satellite cells
46
a type of glial cell in the PNS that forms the myelin sheath of nerve fibers
Schwann cells
47
a type of glial cell in the PNS that regulate the environment around neurons
Satellite cells
48
What does the central nervous system (CNS) include?
Brain
Spinal cord
49
What does the peripheral nervous system (CNS) include?
1. Cranial nerves- and branches
2. Spinal nerves- and branches
3. Ganglia
50
a type of neuron that carry information from the peripheral receptors in the CNS
Afferent neurons
51
a type of neuron that carry impulses away from the CNS
Efferent neurons
52
a type of neuron (relay) located entirely within the CNS that project to other CNS neurons
Interneuron
53
regions of the nervous system that are enriched with large numbers of nerve cell bodies.
* nuclei
* ganglia
* cortex
Grey matter
54
regions of the nervous system that contain mostly nerve processes (nerve fibers, axons). Myelin makes them appear white.
* tracts
* nerves
White matter
55
part of the brain that's consciously aware
cerebral cortex
56
the grey matter that helps to coordinate movement
basal ganglia
57
the main motor pathways
brain stem
58
ascending pathways that convey sensory information to a conscious level
sensory pathways
59
descending pathways from the cerebral hemisphere that control movement
motor pathways
60
means to cross from one side of the body to the other side (contralateral)
decussate
61
sensory information from the skin and musculoskeletal systems
Somatosensation
62
information from the skin is superficial or cutaneous and includes:
touch, pain, temperature, and pressure
63
Information from the musculoskeletal system includes:
proprioception and pain
64
what neuron crosses the the other side (decussate)
2nd order neuron
65
What are the 4 neurons?
1st order neuron
2nd order neuron
3rd order neuron
target neuron
66
What neuron is in the thalamus?
3rd order neuron
67
a type of matter that synapses and processes information
grey matter
68
a type of matter that transmits information
white matter
69
a neuron that starts in the precentral gyrus
upper motor neuron
70
a neuron that ends in the skeletal muscle
lower motor neuron
71
what are the neurons in the motor pathway?
upper and lower motor neurons
72
swirly neurons identify what type of sensation?
proprioception
73
specialized receptor that responds only to a specific type of stimulus, adequate stimulus, and under normal conditions.
sensory receptor
74
receptors that pay attention to chemicals
chemoreceptors
75
receptors that respond to pressure, touch, and vibration
mechanoreceptors
76
receptors that respond to changes in temperature
thermoreceptors
77
are regions of skin that are innervated by sensory axons from a single spinal nerve
dermatomes
78
for the limbs the two distinct distributions of sensory innervation are
peripheral nerve and dermatome
79
made up of subsets of sensory axons that are derived from several different spinal nerves.
peripheral nerves
80
nerve impulses generated from the original stimuli
sensory information
81
awareness of stimuli from the senses
sensation
82
What are the names of the first-order neuron axons?
Distal and Proximal
83
an axon that conducts messages from the receptor to the cell body
distal axon
84
an axon that project from the cell body into the spinal cord or brainstem
proximal axon
85
Touch is categorized as
fine or crude
86
Regarding dermatomes, the somas of the neuron are the ______ stacked and all the strings (axons) are gathered together to make a _______.
balloons, spinal nerve
87
is made up of subsets of sensory axons that are derived from several different spinal nerves
peripheral nerve
88
proprioceptors found in skeletal muscle that respond to quick and prolonged stretches of the muscle
muscle spindles
89
Tendon organs signal the force generated by the muscle contraction or by a passive stretch of the tendon
Golgi tendon organs
90
complete severance of peripheral nerve results in a lack of sensation
hypoesthesia/paresthesia
91
impaired balance or coordination can be due to damage to the brain, nerves, or muscles.
Ataxia
92
the lower motor neuron to the skeletal muscle is called
the final common pathway
93
Are the only neurons that convey signals to extrafusal and intrafusal skeletal muscle fibers
motor neuron
94
group of muscles innervated by a single spinal nerve
myotomes
95
What happens if you damage a motor neuron?
Decrease or loss of reflexes
Paresis or paralysis
Atrophy
Decrease or loss of muscle tone
Fibrillations
96
receptors that fire only to indicate pain
nociceptors
96
receptors that respond to the mechanical deformation of joint capsules and ligaments
joint receptor
97
the neural tube defect that results when the inferior neuropore does not close
spina bifida
98
the meninges and some cases the spinal cord protrude through the posterior opening in the vertebrae
spina bifida cystica
99
What are the three types of spina bifida cystica?
1. Meningocele
2. Meningomyelocele
3. Myeloschisis
100
protrusion of the meninges through the bony defect
Meningocele
101
neural tissue with the meninges protrudes outside the body
Meningomyelocele
102
most severe defect, consisting of a malformed spinal cord open to the surface of the body, which occurs when the neural folds fail to close
Myeloschisis
