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BIOL 527 Lecture (Neuromuscular) > The Nervous System > Flashcards

The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 germ layers?

A

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

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2
Q
  • From day 15 to end of eighth week
  • Organs are formed.
A

Embryonic stage

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3
Q
  • End of eight week until birth
  • Nervous system develops more fully; myelination begins.
A

Fetal stage

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4
Q

this germ layer develops into sensory organs , epidermis, and nervous system

A

Ectoderm

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5
Q

this germ layer develops into dermis, muscles, skeleton, and excretory and circulatory systems

A

Mesoderm

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6
Q

this germ layer gives rise to epithelia and glands (GI tract, respiratory tract, and genitourinary tract

A

Endoderm

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7
Q

formation of the neural tube and happen between day 18-26

A

Neurulation

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8
Q

What are the two layers called that the neural tube differentiates into during day 26?

A

Mantle layer
Marginal layer

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9
Q

inner layer contains cell bodies; will become gray matter

A

Mantle layer

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10
Q

outer layer contains processes of cells whose bodies are located in inner layer; will become white matter

A

Marginal layer

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11
Q

What do the cranial part of the neural tube form?

A

brain

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12
Q

What do the caudal part of the neural tube form?

A

spinal cord

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13
Q

What do the central cavity of the neural tube form?

A
  1. ventricles of the brain
  2. central canal of the spinal cord
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14
Q

What are the groups of cells?

A

ventral and dorsal

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15
Q

dorsal cell group that has sensory neurons

A

Alar plate

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16
Q

ventral cell group that has motor neurons

A

Basal plate

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17
Q

What is formed when the motor and sensory nerves merge?

A

Spinal nerve

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18
Q

What kind of nerves are formed by the spinal nerve?

A

Mixed nerves

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19
Q

What are the two neurons that the brain is divided into?

A

Afferent neurons
Efferent neurons

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20
Q

neurons that carry information from sensory receptors of the skin and other organs to the central nervous system

A

Afferent neurons

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21
Q

neurons that carry motor information away from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands of the body

A

Efferent neurons

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22
Q

What are the 5 developmental regions of the brain (secondary brain vesicles)?

A

Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon

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23
Q

flexure between the forebrain and midbrain

A

Cephalic flexure

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24
Q

flexure between the hindbrain and spinal cord

A

Cervical flexure

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25
Q

flexure between the metencephalon and mylencephalon

A

Pontine Flexure

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26
Q

What are the 3 primary brain vesicles?

A

Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain

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27
Q

Name the two regions that the brain is divided into

A

Neurocranium
Viscerocranium

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28
Q

What are the 4 arches that the ventral part of the forming head expand into?

A

Arch 1
Arch 2
Arch 3
Arch 4 and 6

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29
Q

What cranial nerve is arch 1 innervated by?

A

cranial verve 5 “ trigeminal” - muscles of mastication

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30
Q

What cranial nerve is arch 2 innervated by?

A

cranial nerve 7 “Facial” - muscles of facial expression

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31
Q

What cranial nerve is arch 3 innervated by?

A

cranial nerve 9 “glossopharyngeal” - gives rise to the stylopharyngeus muscle

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32
Q

What cranial nerve is arch 4 & 6 innervated by?

A

cranial nerve 10 “vagus” - gives rise to the internal muscles of the soft palate

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33
Q

What type of nerves innervate the arches?

A

cranial nerves

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34
Q

the skeletal muscle of the head and deep neck that form within the arches is classified as what?

A

pharyngeal (branchial) arch muscles

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35
Q

What does the neurocranium region of the brain form?

A
  1. form around the neural tube (future brain)
  2. form protective case for the brain
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36
Q

What does the viscerocranium region of the brain form?

A
  1. forms around the endoderm tube
  2. forms the visceral components of the head (mouth, nasal cavity, and pharynx)
  3. forms the skeleton of the face and skull
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37
Q

What are the functions of the adult nervous system?

A
  • functions to detect changes in the internal/external environment
  • brings about the appropriate responses in muscles, organs, and glands
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38
Q

What are the components of the adult nervous system?

A
  1. neurons
  2. neuroglia
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39
Q

Sequence of events following stimulation of a sensory receptor:

A
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40
Q

Do neuroglial cells transport or process information?

A

No

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41
Q

What are the 3 main types of glia?

A
  1. oligodendrocytes
  2. astrocytes
  3. microglia
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42
Q

a type of glia that form the myelin sheath within the CNS

A

oligodendrocytes

43
Q

a type of glia that form the selectively permeable barrier between the circulatory system and the neurons of the brain and spinal cord, generating the blood-brain barrier

A

astrocytes

44
Q

a type of glia cell that has a phagocytic role in response to nervous system damage

A

microglia

45
Q

What are the 2 type of glial cells in the PNS?

A
  1. Schwann cells
  2. Satellite cells
46
Q

a type of glial cell in the PNS that forms the myelin sheath of nerve fibers

A

Schwann cells

47
Q

a type of glial cell in the PNS that regulate the environment around neurons

A

Satellite cells

48
Q

What does the central nervous system (CNS) include?

A

Brain
Spinal cord

49
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system (CNS) include?

A
  1. Cranial nerves- and branches
  2. Spinal nerves- and branches
  3. Ganglia
50
Q

a type of neuron that carry information from the peripheral receptors in the CNS

A

Afferent neurons

51
Q

a type of neuron that carry impulses away from the CNS

A

Efferent neurons

52
Q

a type of neuron (relay) located entirely within the CNS that project to other CNS neurons

A

Interneuron

53
Q

regions of the nervous system that are enriched with large numbers of nerve cell bodies.
* nuclei
* ganglia
* cortex

A

Grey matter

54
Q

regions of the nervous system that contain mostly nerve processes (nerve fibers, axons). Myelin makes them appear white.
* tracts
* nerves

A

White matter

55
Q

part of the brain that’s consciously aware

A

cerebral cortex

56
Q

the grey matter that helps to coordinate movement

A

basal ganglia

57
Q

the main motor pathways

A

brain stem

58
Q

ascending pathways that convey sensory information to a conscious level

A

sensory pathways

59
Q

descending pathways from the cerebral hemisphere that control movement

A

motor pathways

60
Q

means to cross from one side of the body to the other side (contralateral)

A

decussate

61
Q

sensory information from the skin and musculoskeletal systems

A

Somatosensation

62
Q

information from the skin is superficial or cutaneous and includes:

A

touch, pain, temperature, and pressure

63
Q

Information from the musculoskeletal system includes:

A

proprioception and pain

64
Q

what neuron crosses the the other side (decussate)

A

2nd order neuron

65
Q

What are the 4 neurons?

A

1st order neuron
2nd order neuron
3rd order neuron
target neuron

66
Q

What neuron is in the thalamus?

A

3rd order neuron

67
Q

a type of matter that synapses and processes information

A

grey matter

68
Q

a type of matter that transmits information

A

white matter

69
Q

a neuron that starts in the precentral gyrus

A

upper motor neuron

70
Q

a neuron that ends in the skeletal muscle

A

lower motor neuron

71
Q

what are the neurons in the motor pathway?

A

upper and lower motor neurons

72
Q

swirly neurons identify what type of sensation?

A

proprioception

73
Q

specialized receptor that responds only to a specific type of stimulus, adequate stimulus, and under normal conditions.

A

sensory receptor

74
Q

receptors that pay attention to chemicals

A

chemoreceptors

75
Q

receptors that respond to pressure, touch, and vibration

A

mechanoreceptors

76
Q

receptors that respond to changes in temperature

A

thermoreceptors

77
Q

are regions of skin that are innervated by sensory axons from a single spinal nerve

A

dermatomes

78
Q

for the limbs the two distinct distributions of sensory innervation are

A

peripheral nerve and dermatome

79
Q

made up of subsets of sensory axons that are derived from several different spinal nerves.

A

peripheral nerves

80
Q

nerve impulses generated from the original stimuli

A

sensory information

81
Q

awareness of stimuli from the senses

A

sensation

82
Q

What are the names of the first-order neuron axons?

A

Distal and Proximal

83
Q

an axon that conducts messages from the receptor to the cell body

A

distal axon

84
Q

an axon that project from the cell body into the spinal cord or brainstem

A

proximal axon

85
Q

Touch is categorized as

A

fine or crude

86
Q

Regarding dermatomes, the somas of the neuron are the ______ stacked and all the strings (axons) are gathered together to make a _______.

A

balloons, spinal nerve

87
Q

is made up of subsets of sensory axons that are derived from several different spinal nerves

A

peripheral nerve

88
Q

proprioceptors found in skeletal muscle that respond to quick and prolonged stretches of the muscle

A

muscle spindles

89
Q

Tendon organs signal the force generated by the muscle contraction or by a passive stretch of the tendon

A

Golgi tendon organs

90
Q

complete severance of peripheral nerve results in a lack of sensation

A

hypoesthesia/paresthesia

91
Q

impaired balance or coordination can be due to damage to the brain, nerves, or muscles.

A

Ataxia

92
Q

the lower motor neuron to the skeletal muscle is called

A

the final common pathway

93
Q

Are the only neurons that convey signals to extrafusal and intrafusal skeletal muscle fibers

A

motor neuron

94
Q

group of muscles innervated by a single spinal nerve

A

myotomes

95
Q

What happens if you damage a motor neuron?

A

Decrease or loss of reflexes
Paresis or paralysis
Atrophy
Decrease or loss of muscle tone
Fibrillations

96
Q

receptors that fire only to indicate pain

A

nociceptors

96
Q

receptors that respond to the mechanical deformation of joint capsules and ligaments

A

joint receptor

97
Q

the neural tube defect that results when the inferior neuropore does not close

A

spina bifida

98
Q

the meninges and some cases the spinal cord protrude through the posterior opening in the vertebrae

A

spina bifida cystica

99
Q

What are the three types of spina bifida cystica?

A
  1. Meningocele
  2. Meningomyelocele
  3. Myeloschisis
100
Q

protrusion of the meninges through the bony defect

A

Meningocele

101
Q

neural tissue with the meninges protrudes outside the body

A

Meningomyelocele

102
Q

most severe defect, consisting of a malformed spinal cord open to the surface of the body, which occurs when the neural folds fail to close

A

Myeloschisis

BIOL 527 Lecture (Neuromuscular) (8 decks)

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