Lab Exam #2 Review questions Flashcards by Mykia Woolridge

In which region of the brain is the midbrain?

mesencephalon

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What is the function of the midbrain?

voluntary movement of the head and body

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What are the surface features on the anterolateral surface of the midbrain?

crus cerebri-

mamillary body-

cerebral peduncles- relays long motor tracts to the contralateral side of the body

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What are the surface features on the posterolateral surface of the midbrain?

Corpora quadrigemina- reflex centers involving vision and hearing
superior colliculus- serve as reflex centers for movements of the eyes, head, & neck in response to visual/other stimuli
inferior colliculus- serve as reflex centers for movements of the head & trunk in response to auditory stimuli

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Identify at least 3 internal features found within the midbrain.

substantia niagra- reward and movement
red nucleus- motor coordination
cerebral aqueduct- contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and connects the third ventricle in the diencephalon to the fourth ventricle

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What happens if the midbrain is lesioned?

loss of consciousness

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What tracts are associated with the structures of the midbrain?

corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts

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In which region of the brain is the pons?

metencephalon

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What is the function of the pons?

process motor information from the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum

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What are 2 internal features of the pons?

pneumotaxic center- control the intensity of breathing
apneustic centers- inhibits impulses on inspiration

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What happens if the pons is lesioned?

vegetative state

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Name the structures of the cerebellum.

cerebellar peduncles (superior, middle, and inferior)
cerebellar cortex
arbor vitae

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What does the cerebellum do?

controls the maintenance of equilibrium, posture, and muscle tone coordinates movement

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How is the cerebellum connected to the brainstem?

The 3 cerebellar peduncles:
superior peduncle (midbrain)
middle peduncle (pons)
inferior peduncle (medulla)

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Name the ventricles of the brain and give their respective locations (developmental regions) and connections to one another.

2 lateral ventricles (cerebral hemispheres)
3rd ventricle (diencephalon)
4th ventricle (hindbrain)

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Give the names of the three segments of the brainstem. In which REGION of the brain are each of these segments located?

Midbrain, Pons, Medulla
Mesencephalon, Metencephalon, Mylencephalon

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Of the following, which is associated with the pons? Midbrain? Medulla Oblongata?
cerebral peduncles (crus cerebri)
nucleus gracilis and cuneatus
paralysis
blindness
deafness
vegetative functions
respiratory functions
neurodegenerative disease

Midbrain:
cerebral peduncles
blindness
deafness
Pons:
respiratory functions
vegetative functions
Medulla:
paralysis
Nucleus gracilis & cuneatus

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What is the function of the medulla?

cardiovascular control
breathing, head movements, and swallowing

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Identify at least 2 surface features found on the medulla.

Fasciculus cuneatus
Fasciculus gracilis

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Identify at least 3 internal features found within the medulla.

Nuclei
Nucleus. Gracilis
Nucleus Cuneatus

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What is the difference between the cerebral peduncles and the cerebellar peduncles other than where they are located?

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Identify the external features of the cerebellum

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What happens in a cerebellar lesion? What are the symptoms?

Loss of postural control
Ataxia
Nystagmus
Dysarthria
Tremors

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Nystagmus + dysarthria + intentional tremor =

CHARCOT’S TRIAD

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What are the pathways that we learned that involve the cerebellum?

Anterior Spinocerebellar Tract Posterior Spinocerebellar Tract

Spinal nerves (Typical):

T1-T12 thoracic (single nerves)

Spinal nerves (Atypical):

Plexuses (mixed nerves)

What happens if there is a lesion to the pyramids?

paralysis of the upper motor neuron

_____ of decussation happens in the medulla on the contralateral side. The other 10% decussate at the level of _____.

90%, level of synapse on the lower motor neurons within the spinal cord

Large bulges on the anterior surface of the medulla, containing descending motor tracts (corticospinal and corticobulbar)

pyramids

What are the functions of the cerebellum?

1. coordination of muscular activity and regulate posture & balance 2. functions at a subconscious level & it does not directly stimulate skeletal muscles

What is the reticular formation? Where is it located?

Composed of loosely clustered neurons made of white matter and governs the arousal of the brain as a whole. Extends through the central core of the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain

reticular formation

integrates sensory & cortical information modulates pain information

Where are the cell bodies of motor neurons located?

lateral horns

Where are the cell bodies of sensory neurons located?

dorsal root ganglia

Describe the organization of the white matter of the cord.

Divided into 3 white columns, or funiculi: dorsal (posterior) lateral ventral (anterior) *each funiculus contains several fiber tracts, and each tract is made up of axons with similar destinations and functions

Where are the cell bodies of the upper and lower motor neurons located?

upper motor neurons: primary motor cortex lower motor neurons: anterior horn of the cord

the point-for-point correspondence of an area of the body to a specific point on the central nervous system

Somatotopy

a map of sensory space in the postcentral gyrus

Homunulus

connect the pons with the corresponding side of the cerebellum

middle cerebellar peduncles

Lateral to the pyramids lies an elongated elevation called the

olive

The olive function is

control of movement

The roots of the brachial plexus are

ventral rami

carry all motor and sensory axons of a single spinal segment

spinal nerves

In the cervical region, spinal nerves are found above the corresponding vertebrae except_____.

the eighth spinal nerve

spinal nerves below the 8th spinal nerve lie

below the corresponding vertebrae

Spinal levels:

Cervical: C1-C8 Thoracic: T1-T12 Lumbar: L1-L5 Sacral/Coccygeal: S1-S6

horn processes sensory information

dorsal horn

horn processes autonomic information.

lateral horn

horn processes motor information

ventral horn

Blood is supplied to the spinal cord by three spinal arteries :

Anterior Medial Posterior

a reflex center in the corpora quadrigemina that relays visual information

superior colliculi

a reflex center in the corpora quadrigemina that relays auditory information

inferior colliculi

The medial geniculate is responsible for:

auditory

The lateral geniculate is responsible for:

vision

Spinothalamic lesion causes:

loss of pain and temperature sensation

Inferior peduncle function and lesion:

function: proprioceptive info from the body to the cerebellum lesion causes: Ataxia

Red nucleus function and lesion:

function: facilitate LMNs that elicit ext of wrist and fingers lesion causes: mild weakness to the wrist and fingers extensors, obscured by ataxia

What are the 3 parts of the brainstem?

midbrain pons medulla oblongata

What are the 3 parts of the diencephalon?

thalamus hypothalamus epithalamus

What is the function of the thalamus?

Consciousness

What happens if the thalamus is lesioned?

stroke (weakness of one side of the body)

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

homeostasis

What is the function of the red nucleus?

motor control

What happens if the substania nigra is lesioned?

Parkinson's (tremors and shuffling gait)

The midbrain is divided into

tectum (dorsal) and tegmentum (ventral)

Controls the intensity of breathing

Apneustic center

Provides inhibitory impulses on inspiration

Pneumotaxic center

nucleus gracilis and cuneatus is located in which part of the midbrain?

Medulla

nucleus fasciculus and fasciculus is located in which part of the midbrain?

Medulla

Control the rate and depth of respiratory movements of the diaphragm & other respiratory

Respiratory Rhythmicity Center

Cerebellum

3 lobes 2 hemispheres

What are the 2 hemispheres of the cerebellum?

VERMIS FOLIA

What are the 3 lobes of the cerebellum?

ANTERIOR POSTERIOR FLOCCULONODULAR

What are the 4 nuclei (gray matter) of the cerebellum?

Fastigial Globose Emboliform Dentate

What are the white matter structures of the cerebellum?

superior peduncle middle peduncle inferior peduncle

Gray Matter Structures of the spinal cord:

Dorsal Root Ganglion Dorsal Horn Ventral Horn

White Matter Structures of the spinal cord:

Dorsal Root Ventral Root Spinal Nerve Dorsal Ramus Ventral Ramus Dorsal Columns Lateral Corticospinal Tract Lateral Spinothalamic Tract Spinocerebellar Tracts Rubrospinal Tract Anterior Corticospinal Tract Anterior Spinothalamic Tract

What are the 5 terminal branches?

Musculocutaneous Nerve Median Nerve Ulnar Nerve Axillary Nerve Radial Nerve

What are the typical nerves?

Thoracic nerves (intercostal) T2-T12

What vertebrae does the brachial plexus consist of?

C5-T1

Atypical nerves are

plexuses

What are the plexuses?

Cervical plexus C1-C4 Brachial plexus C5-T1 Lumbar plexus L1-L4 Sacral plexus L4-S4

What is the tail of the spinal cord called?

cauda equinia

What vertebrae do the musculocutaneous nerve innervate?

C5-C7 biceps brachi brachialis coracobrachialis

What vertebrae do the axillary nerve innervate?

C5 & C6 Deltoid Teres Minor

What vertebrae do the median nerve innervate?

C5-T1 Extensors

What vertebrae do the radial nerve innervate?

C5-T1

What vertebrae do the ulnar nerve innervate?

C8 & T1

What nerve causes wrist drop?

radial nerve

What 2 nerves can have "Claw"

ulnar and median

What nerve causes loss of elbow flexion?

musculocutaneous nerve

What nerve causes loss of shoulder abduction?

axillary nerve

What happens when the dorsal column is lesioned?

Multiple Sclerosis loss of proprioception in the hands/fingers Astereognosis

What happens when the spinothalamic tract is lesioned?

Syringomyelia loss of pain/temp awareness charcots joints

What happens when the spinocerebellar tract is lesioned?

Friedreich's Ataxia tremors ataxia unsteady gait

What happens when the cerebellum is lesioned?

Cerebellar Syndrome loss of balance/posture control ataxia tremors dysarthria nystagmus

BLOOD FLOW OF CEREBELLUM:

Vertebral artery basilar artery Posterior cerebral artery Superior cerebellum artery & anterior inferior cerebellum artery Posterior inferior cerebellum artery