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BIOL 527 Lecture (Neuromuscular) > Lab Exam #2 Review questions > Flashcards

Lab Exam #2 Review questions Flashcards

1
Q

In which region of the brain is the midbrain?

A

mesencephalon

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2
Q

What is the function of the midbrain?

A

voluntary movement of the head and body

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3
Q

What are the surface features on the anterolateral surface of the midbrain?

A

crus cerebri-

mamillary body-

cerebral peduncles- relays long motor tracts to the contralateral side of the body

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4
Q

What are the surface features on the posterolateral surface of the midbrain?

A

Corpora quadrigemina- reflex centers involving vision and hearing
superior colliculus- serve as reflex centers for movements of the eyes, head, & neck in response to visual/other stimuli
inferior colliculus- serve as reflex centers for movements of the head & trunk in response to auditory stimuli

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5
Q

Identify at least 3 internal features found within the midbrain.

A
  1. substantia niagra- reward and movement
  2. red nucleus- motor coordination
  3. cerebral aqueduct- contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and connects the third ventricle in the diencephalon to the fourth ventricle
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6
Q

What happens if the midbrain is lesioned?

A

loss of consciousness

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7
Q

What tracts are associated with the structures of the midbrain?

A

corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts

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8
Q

In which region of the brain is the pons?

A

metencephalon

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9
Q

What is the function of the pons?

A

process motor information from the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum

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10
Q

What are 2 internal features of the pons?

A
  1. pneumotaxic center- control the intensity of breathing
  2. apneustic centers- inhibits impulses on inspiration
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11
Q

What happens if the pons is lesioned?

A

vegetative state

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12
Q

Name the structures of the cerebellum.

A
  1. cerebellar peduncles (superior, middle, and inferior)
  2. cerebellar cortex
  3. arbor vitae
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13
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

controls the maintenance of equilibrium, posture, and muscle tone coordinates movement

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14
Q

How is the cerebellum connected to the brainstem?

A

The 3 cerebellar peduncles:
superior peduncle (midbrain)
middle peduncle (pons)
inferior peduncle (medulla)

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15
Q

Name the ventricles of the brain and give their respective locations (developmental regions) and connections to one another.

A

2 lateral ventricles (cerebral hemispheres)
3rd ventricle (diencephalon)
4th ventricle (hindbrain)

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16
Q

Give the names of the three segments of the brainstem. In which REGION of the brain are each of these segments located?

A

Midbrain, Pons, Medulla
Mesencephalon, Metencephalon, Mylencephalon

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17
Q

Of the following, which is associated with the pons? Midbrain? Medulla Oblongata?
cerebral peduncles (crus cerebri)
nucleus gracilis and cuneatus
paralysis
blindness
deafness
vegetative functions
respiratory functions
neurodegenerative disease

A
  1. Midbrain:
    cerebral peduncles
    blindness
    deafness
  2. Pons:
    respiratory functions
    vegetative functions
  3. Medulla:
    paralysis
    Nucleus gracilis & cuneatus
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18
Q

What is the function of the medulla?

A

cardiovascular control
breathing, head movements, and swallowing

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19
Q

Identify at least 2 surface features found on the medulla.

A

Fasciculus cuneatus
Fasciculus gracilis

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20
Q

Identify at least 3 internal features found within the medulla.

A

Nuclei
Nucleus. Gracilis
Nucleus Cuneatus

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21
Q

What is the difference between the cerebral peduncles and the cerebellar peduncles other than where they are located?

A
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22
Q

Identify the external features of the cerebellum

A
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23
Q

What happens in a cerebellar lesion? What are the symptoms?

A

Loss of postural control
Ataxia
Nystagmus
Dysarthria
Tremors

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24
Q

Nystagmus + dysarthria + intentional tremor =

A

CHARCOT’S TRIAD

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25
Q

What are the pathways that we learned that involve the cerebellum?

A

Anterior Spinocerebellar Tract
Posterior Spinocerebellar Tract

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26
Q

Spinal nerves (Typical):

A

T1-T12 thoracic (single nerves)

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27
Q

Spinal nerves (Atypical):

A

Plexuses (mixed nerves)

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28
Q

What happens if there is a lesion to the pyramids?

A

paralysis of the upper motor neuron

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29
Q

_____ of decussation happens in the medulla on the contralateral side. The other 10% decussate at the level of _____.

A

90%, level of synapse on the lower motor neurons within the spinal cord

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30
Q

Large bulges on the anterior surface of the medulla, containing descending motor tracts (corticospinal and corticobulbar)

A

pyramids

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31
Q

What are the functions of the cerebellum?

A
  1. coordination of muscular activity and regulate posture & balance
  2. functions at a subconscious level & it does not directly stimulate skeletal muscles
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32
Q

What is the reticular formation? Where is it located?

A

Composed of loosely clustered neurons made of white matter and governs the arousal of the brain as a whole.

Extends through the central core of the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain

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33
Q

reticular formation

A

integrates sensory & cortical information
modulates pain information

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34
Q

Where are the cell bodies of motor neurons located?

A

lateral horns

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35
Q

Where are the cell bodies of sensory neurons located?

A

dorsal root ganglia

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36
Q

Describe the organization of the white matter of the cord.

A

Divided into 3 white columns, or funiculi:
dorsal (posterior)
lateral
ventral (anterior)
*each funiculus contains several fiber tracts, and each tract is made up of axons with similar destinations and functions

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37
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the upper and lower motor neurons located?

A

upper motor neurons: primary motor cortex
lower motor neurons: anterior horn of the cord

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38
Q

the point-for-point correspondence of an area of the body to a specific point on the central nervous system

A

Somatotopy

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39
Q

a map of sensory space in the postcentral gyrus

A

Homunulus

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40
Q

connect the pons with the corresponding side of the cerebellum

A

middle cerebellar peduncles

41
Q

Lateral to the pyramids lies an elongated elevation called the

A

olive

42
Q

The olive function is

A

control of movement

43
Q

The roots of the brachial plexus are

A

ventral rami

44
Q

carry all motor and sensory axons of a single spinal segment

A

spinal nerves

45
Q

In the cervical region, spinal nerves are found above the corresponding vertebrae except_____.

A

the eighth spinal nerve

46
Q

spinal nerves below the 8th spinal nerve lie

A

below the corresponding vertebrae

47
Q

Spinal levels:

A

Cervical: C1-C8
Thoracic: T1-T12
Lumbar: L1-L5
Sacral/Coccygeal: S1-S6

48
Q

horn processes sensory information

A

dorsal horn

49
Q

horn processes autonomic information.

A

lateral horn

50
Q

horn processes motor information

A

ventral horn

51
Q

Blood is supplied to the spinal cord by three spinal arteries :

A

Anterior
Medial
Posterior

52
Q

a reflex center in the corpora quadrigemina that relays visual information

A

superior colliculi

53
Q

a reflex center in the corpora quadrigemina that relays auditory information

A

inferior colliculi

54
Q

The medial geniculate is responsible for:

A

auditory

55
Q

The lateral geniculate is responsible for:

A

vision

56
Q

Spinothalamic lesion causes:

A

loss of pain and temperature sensation

57
Q

Inferior peduncle function and lesion:

A

function: proprioceptive info from the body to the cerebellum
lesion causes: Ataxia

58
Q

Red nucleus function and lesion:

A

function: facilitate LMNs that elicit ext of wrist and fingers
lesion causes: mild weakness to the wrist and fingers extensors, obscured by ataxia

59
Q

What are the 3 parts of the brainstem?

A

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata

60
Q

What are the 3 parts of the diencephalon?

A

thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus

61
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

Consciousness

62
Q

What happens if the thalamus is lesioned?

A

stroke (weakness of one side of the body)

63
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

homeostasis

64
Q

What is the function of the red nucleus?

A

motor control

65
Q

What happens if the substania nigra is lesioned?

A

Parkinson’s (tremors and shuffling gait)

66
Q

The midbrain is divided into

A

tectum (dorsal) and tegmentum (ventral)

67
Q

Controls the intensity of breathing

A

Apneustic center

68
Q

Provides inhibitory impulses on inspiration

A

Pneumotaxic center

69
Q

nucleus gracilis and cuneatus is located in which part of the midbrain?

A

Medulla

70
Q

nucleus fasciculus and fasciculus is located in which part of the midbrain?

A

Medulla

71
Q

Control the rate and depth of respiratory movements of the diaphragm & other respiratory

A

Respiratory Rhythmicity Center

72
Q

Cerebellum

A

3 lobes
2 hemispheres

73
Q

What are the 2 hemispheres of the cerebellum?

A

VERMIS
FOLIA

74
Q

What are the 3 lobes of the cerebellum?

A

ANTERIOR
POSTERIOR
FLOCCULONODULAR

75
Q

What are the 4 nuclei (gray matter) of the cerebellum?

A

Fastigial
Globose
Emboliform
Dentate

76
Q

What are the white matter structures of the cerebellum?

A

superior peduncle
middle peduncle
inferior peduncle

77
Q

Gray Matter Structures of the spinal cord:

A

Dorsal Root Ganglion
Dorsal Horn
Ventral Horn

78
Q

White Matter Structures of the spinal cord:

A

Dorsal Root
Ventral Root
Spinal Nerve
Dorsal Ramus
Ventral Ramus
Dorsal Columns
Lateral Corticospinal Tract
Lateral Spinothalamic Tract
Spinocerebellar Tracts
Rubrospinal Tract
Anterior Corticospinal Tract
Anterior Spinothalamic Tract

79
Q

What are the 5 terminal branches?

A

Musculocutaneous Nerve
Median Nerve
Ulnar Nerve
Axillary Nerve
Radial Nerve

80
Q

What are the typical nerves?

A

Thoracic nerves (intercostal) T2-T12

81
Q

What vertebrae does the brachial plexus consist of?

A

C5-T1

82
Q

Atypical nerves are

A

plexuses

83
Q

What are the plexuses?

A

Cervical plexus C1-C4
Brachial plexus C5-T1
Lumbar plexus L1-L4
Sacral plexus L4-S4

84
Q

What is the tail of the spinal cord called?

A

cauda equinia

85
Q

What vertebrae do the musculocutaneous nerve innervate?

A

C5-C7
biceps brachi
brachialis
coracobrachialis

86
Q

What vertebrae do the axillary nerve innervate?

A

C5 & C6
Deltoid
Teres Minor

87
Q

What vertebrae do the median nerve innervate?

A

C5-T1
Extensors

88
Q

What vertebrae do the radial nerve innervate?

A

C5-T1

89
Q

What vertebrae do the ulnar nerve innervate?

A

C8 & T1

90
Q

What nerve causes wrist drop?

A

radial nerve

91
Q

What 2 nerves can have “Claw”

A

ulnar and median

92
Q

What nerve causes loss of elbow flexion?

A

musculocutaneous nerve

93
Q

What nerve causes loss of shoulder abduction?

A

axillary nerve

94
Q

What happens when the dorsal column is lesioned?

A

Multiple Sclerosis
loss of proprioception in the hands/fingers
Astereognosis

95
Q

What happens when the spinothalamic tract is lesioned?

A

Syringomyelia
loss of pain/temp awareness
charcots joints

96
Q

What happens when the spinocerebellar tract is lesioned?

A

Friedreich’s Ataxia
tremors
ataxia
unsteady gait

97
Q

What happens when the cerebellum is lesioned?

A

Cerebellar Syndrome
loss of balance/posture control
ataxia
tremors
dysarthria
nystagmus

98
Q

BLOOD FLOW OF CEREBELLUM:

A

Vertebral artery
basilar artery
Posterior cerebral artery
Superior cerebellum artery & anterior inferior cerebellum artery
Posterior inferior cerebellum artery

BIOL 527 Lecture (Neuromuscular) (8 decks)

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