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University - Neuroscience > The nervous system > Flashcards

The nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the neuronal microenvironment composed of

A

Glia
Capillaries - blood supply
Other neurons
EXC space –> EXM (Collagen scaffold) and BECF (Interstitial fluid)

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2
Q

What maintains the neuronal microenvioroment

A

Blood brain barrier

Cerebrospinal fluid

Neurons

Glial cells

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3
Q

How was the blood brain barrier discovered

A

Intravenous injection of dyes which pass across leaky capillaries and stain soft tissues, no staining in the brain

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4
Q

What is the function of the blood brain barrier

A

Protect neurons from fluctuation in concentrations of substances in the blood

(AA concentration, hormones, toxins ect)

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5
Q

How is the BBB maintained

A

Tight junctions between endothelial cells (formed by astrocytes)

Thick basement membrane

Astrocytic endfeet

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6
Q

What do astrocytes do

A

They have a regulatory role of brain functions that are implicated in neurogenesis and synaptogenesis, controlling blood–brain barrier permeability and maintaining extracellular homeostasis.

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7
Q

How do important molecules get through the BBB

A

Facilitated transport (GLUT1)

Exchangers (Na-H)

Co transporters (Cl- transporters)

Increased numbers of mitochondria for active transport

Small, uncharged or/and lipid soluble can pass through the BBB

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8
Q

What are the leaky regions of the BBB

A

Choroid plexuses - ventricular system

Circumventricular organs

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9
Q

What does the ventricular system do

A

Provides physical protection

Maintains appropriate levels of ions

Removes waste products

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10
Q

How does CSF move?

A

Secreted by the choroid plexus

Circulates around the ventricles and central canal

Absorbed from the subarachnoid space to the venous blood system at the superior sagittal sinus

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11
Q

How much CSF is secreted a day?

A

around 500mls

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12
Q

What are ependymal cells

A

Specialised glial cells that line ventricles

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13
Q

What is in the CSF

A

low AA and K

High Na

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14
Q

What are the 3 types of meniges

A

Leptomeninges: Pia mater, Arachnoid mater

Dura matter

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15
Q

What does the pia matter do

A

Covers surface of brain and blood vessels allowing for diffusion between CSF and BECF

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16
Q

What does the arachnoid matter do

A

Cells linked by tight junctions preventing diffusion between CSF and plasma

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17
Q

What does the dura matter do

A

Thick protective layer of the brain

Split into two layers to form intracranial sinuses

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18
Q

How is the CSF absorbed

A

Evaginations of arachnoid membrane

Increased absorption with increased intracranial pressure

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19
Q

What is exchanged between CSF and BECF

A

CSF to BECF
Macronutrients - glucose
Micronutrients - vitamins
Ions

BECF to CSF
Metabolic waste
Neurotransmitter

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20
Q

Where does the exchange between CSF and BECF occur

A

From ventricles across ependymal cells

From subarachnoid space across pia mater

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21
Q

What is hydrocephalus

A

When the CSF doesnt circulate properly, creating extra fluid The excess fluid puts pressure on the brain, which can damage it

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22
Q

What happens during hydrocephalus

A

Dilation of ventricular system

Obstruction in ventricular system

Increased intracranial pressure

Loss of brain cells and brainstem reflexes

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23
Q

What is the function of the CSF

A

Protects the sytem by acting like a cushion to protect the brain

Also removes waste products to help CNS work properly

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24
Q

What is in the ventricular system

A

2 lateral ventricles
3rd ventricle
The cerebral aqueduct and the fourth ventricle

Structure that separates the lateral ventricles called the interventricular septum

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25
Q

What does EAAT1 and EAAT2 do

A

Takes up glutamate into the astrocyte

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26
Q

What does EAAT3 do

A

Takes up glutamate into the presynaptic terminal of neurons

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27
Q

What do neurons and astrocytes do

A

Remove K+ and neurotransmitter from extracellular space

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28
Q

What does an increase in extracellular K+ do to astrocytes

A

Increases glucose metabolism

Increased K+ uptake

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29
Q

Why do neurons have a more positive resting potential than glia

A

Neuronal membrane is more permeable to Na+ than astrocytic membranes

Astrocytes have a higher K+ selectivity than neurons

Astrocytes are more sensitive to extracellular K+ changes

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30
Q

What is a syncytium

A

a single cell or cytoplasmic mass containing several nuclei, formed by fusion of cells or by division of nuclei.

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31
Q

Why do astrocytes need the extra potassium

A

Spatial Buffering - Gap junctions for a syncytium of astrocytes, redistribute K+ to areas of decreased activity

Also transports sugars, AA, cAMP and Ca2+

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32
Q

How does neurovascular coupling cause an increase in blood vessel diamete

A

Increased neuron firing rate –> increased Astrocyte Ca2+ –> increased release of vasoactive substances from astrocyte –> increased BV diameter (vasodilation) –> more glucose and AA to astrocytes

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33
Q

What does MRI create

A

3D images of the brain by using electromagnetic wave to disrupt hydrogen atom state

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34
Q

What does PET use

A

Glucose concentration in the brain

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35
Q

What does fMRI use

A

Oxygen use in the brain to identify active areas

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36
Q

What do neurons and astroyctes regulate

A

The BECF

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37
Q

What is the role of astroyctes

A

To act as a syncytium to buffer extracellular K+

Enabling neurovascular coupling

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38
Q

What are the components of the adult CNS

A 
Forebrain 
Midbrain
Hindbrain
Brainstem - Midbrain, pons and medulla
Spinal cord
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39
Q

What is the: endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm

A

Endoderm - Lining of viscera
Mesoderm - Bones and muscles
Ectoderm - Skin and nervous system

40
Q

What age does the neural plate form

A

17 days

41
Q

What is neuralation

A

at 22 days the neural plate forms neural groove and folds –> CNS and ventricular system formed and the Neural crest (PNS)

42
Q

What neurons could form from the neural crest

A

Any cells in the PNS

43
Q

Why do women take folic acid when pregnant

A 
Failure to close the neural tube which can cause Anencephaly (fatal) 
Spina bifida (Spinal chord doesnt form properly because meninges dont coordinate together

Folic acid lowers this defect by 90%

44
Q

What are the 3 primary brain vesicles

A

Prosencephalon (forebrain)
Mesencephalon (midbrain)
Rhombencephalon (Hindbrain)

45
Q

What are the 3 secondary brain vesicles of the forebrain

A

Telencephalic vesicles
Diencephalon
Optic vesicles

46
Q

What are the optic vesicles

A

Optic stalk

Optic cup

47
Q

What does the optic stalk and optic cup differentiate into

A

Optic stalk –> optic nerve

Optic cup –> retina

48
Q

What does the diencephalon differentiate into

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus

49
Q

What is the olfactory bulbs for

A

Smell

50
Q

What is the white matter

A

Information transfer centre

51
Q

Where is the cerebral aqueduct

A

Between tectum and tegmentum

52
Q

What does the periaqueductal grey do

A

Controls pain

53
Q

What is the substantia nigra and red nucleus used for

A

Motor control

54
Q

What has more neurons the hindbrain or forebrain

A

Equal

55
Q

What is ventral to the cerebellum

A

The pons

56
Q

What do medullary pyramids do

A

Allow white matter to the spinal cord

57
Q

How many hemispheres in the cerebellum

A

2

58
Q

Why are there lots of folds in the cerebellum

A

To increase surface area

Folds called folia

59
Q

What are grey matter areas in cerebellum known as

A

Deep cerebellum nuclei

60
Q

What is the derivatives of the telencephalon (Forebrain)

A

Cerebral cortex and cerebral nuclei (amygdala, basal forebrain, basal ganglia) associated with the lateral ventricles

61
Q

What is the derivatives of the diencephalon (Forebrain)

A

Thalamus, Hypothalamus and Retina

Associated with the third ventricle

62
Q

What is the derivatives of the mesencephalon (Midbrain)

A

Superior and inferior colliculi, red nucleus, substantia nigra

Associated with the cerebral aqueduct

63
Q

What is the derivative of the myelencephalon (Hindbrain)

A

Medulla oblongata

Associated with the fourth ventricle

64
Q

What are the derivatives of the metencephalon (Hindbrain)

A

Cerebellum and Pons

Associated with fourth ventricle

65
Q

What is the relationship between pons and cerebellum

A

The pons relays sensory information between the cerebrum and cerebellum

66
Q

What does the mid brain do

A

motor movement, particularly movements of the eye, and in auditory and visual processing.

67
Q

What is the cerebellum for

A

The cerebellum is important for making postural adjustments in order to maintain balance

68
Q

What are the 3 types of cerebral cortex

A

Olfactory
Neo cortex
Hippocampus

69
Q

Where is the hippocampus and what does it do

A

Found in each temporal lobe

Involved in memory

Only 3 layers

70
Q

How many layers are in the neocortex

A

6

Molecular, granular, pyramidal, internal granular, internal pyramidal and fusiform

71
Q

Where in the brain is the only place neurons are formed in adult hood

A

Hippocampus

72
Q

What are the four lobes of the neocortex

A

Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal

73
Q

What creates boundaries in the brain between lobes

A

Sulci and the gyri

74
Q

What does the golgi stain stain

A

Single neurons

75
Q

What doe stoluidine blue stain

A

Cell bodies (nissl stain)

76
Q

What does Wiegert-PAL stain

A

Stains for myelin

77
Q

What did Brodmann do

A

Stained the whole brain and mapped the function on a cytoarchitecture map

78
Q

How did Brodmann work out which area correlated to which system

A

Use PET, fMRI and EEG scans and then stimulate and area and high glucose levels will light up

79
Q

What is i the limbic lobe

A

The cortex of cingulate gyrus
The cortex of medial aspect of temporal lobe
Hippocampus

80
Q

What can you see in the neocortex from a lateral view

A

Primary sensory
Secondary sensory
Motor areas
Association areas

81
Q

What does the insula do

A

Sensorimotor processing

Emotional regulation

82
Q

What is found in the basal forebrain

A

Basal ganglia

Amygdala

83
Q

What is in the white matter

A

Commissural fibres which connect between hemispheres

Projection fibres which link to non-cortical areas

Association firbres which link areas within a hemisphere

84
Q

What connects the two hemispheres, thus has large amounts of commissural fibres

A

Corpus callosum

85
Q

What is the diencephalon

A

epithalamus, thalamus, subthalamus, and hypothalamus

86
Q

What does the thalamus do

A

Connects to neocortex via projection fibres and acts as a relay station for the cerebral cortex

87
Q

What does the hypothalamus do

A

Master regulator of homeostasis

11 major nuclei

Links body to mind via ANS and pituitary

88
Q

What is the name of the anterior pituitary

A

adenohypophysis

89
Q

What is the name of the posterior pituitary

A

Neurohypothesis

90
Q

What is the organisation of the ANS

A

Receptor –> preganglionic –> postganglionic –> effector cell

91
Q

What input is in the dorsal horn

A

Sensory input

92
Q

What is found in the lateral horn

A

Preganglionic sympathetic neurons

93
Q

Where is the sympathetic chain ganglia located

A

From T1 - L3

94
Q

What does the oculomotor nerve do

A

helps to adjust and coordinate eye position during movement.

95
Q

Where does the vagus nerve originate

A

Medulla

96
Q

What is the order of subdivisions in the spine

A

Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar and sacral

University - Neuroscience (9 decks)

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