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University - Neuroscience > Introduction to Neuroscience > Flashcards

Introduction to Neuroscience Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Somatic nervous system?

A

Voluntary - contracts muscle - motor output

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2
Q

What is the ANS?

A

Involuntary - maintains homeostasis

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3
Q

What does the PNS innervate?

A

Somatic nervous system and ANS

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4
Q

What does Anterior mean?

A

At the front

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5
Q

What does Posterior mean?

A

At the back

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6
Q

What does Superior mean?

A

At the top

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7
Q

What does inferior mean?

A

At the bottom

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8
Q

What does Rostral mean?

A

At the front towards nose

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9
Q

What does Caudal mean?

A

At the back towards back of head

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10
Q

What does dorsal mean?

A

Back of the body

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11
Q

What does ventral mean?

A

In front in the spine

Below in brain

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12
Q

What does medial mean?

A

Towards the midline

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13
Q

What does sagittal mean?

A

Front to back

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14
Q

What does Coronal mean

A

Left to right

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15
Q

What does the forebrain contain?

A

Cerebral hemisphere and basal nuclei, thalamus and hypothalamus

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16
Q

What does the midbrain control?

A

motor movement, particularly movements of the eye, and in auditory and visual processing.

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17
Q

What does the hindbrain contain and control

A

Pons - Rostral to medulla - respiratory rhythm and breathing

Cerebellum - Caudial to pons - balance and movement

Medulla - heartbeat and respiration

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18
Q

What does the brainstem contain

A

Medulla, pons and midbrain

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19
Q

What does the cerebrospinal fluid do?

A

Maintains homeostasis, filters plasma, removes waste, physical protection, makes brain more buoyant, maintains levels of ions

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20
Q

How is the ventricular system formed?

A

embryologically derived from the neural canal, forming early in the development of the neural tube

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21
Q

What is cervical enlargement

A

Allows for control of arms

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22
Q

What is lumbar enlargement for

A

Control of lower limbs

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23
Q

Is thoracic voluntary or involuntary

A

involuntary

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24
Q

What is grey matter

A

Neurons and glia

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25
Q

What is white matter

A

Neuronal axons wrapped in myelin

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26
Q

What are neurons

A

excitable cells that conduct impulses

27
Q

What does glia do

A

Maintains homeostasis, provides protection and assists neural function

28
Q

What does Nissl stain mark?

A

Distinguish between neurons and flia. Highlights rRNA

29
Q

What is the soma?

A

Where the signals from the dendrites are joined and passed on

30
Q

What are the 4 major compartments of the neuron

A

Dendrites, Soma, axon and axon terminal

31
Q

What is golgi stain made of?

A

Silver chromate

32
Q

What are microtubules

A

Hollow tube composed of polymers of tubulin

33
Q

Why are tubulin molecules dynamically regulated

A

Tubulin molecule can be removed and added to another to grow the neuron via depolymerisation and polymerisation

34
Q

What are microfilaments

A

Give cell shape and support internal parts

35
Q

What does the axon hillock do?

A

Attaches to the soma and sums the total inhibitory and excitatory signals to determine threshold

36
Q

What are the features of the Axon terminal

A

No rough ER, <1mm to >1m in length, 1um-25um diameter

37
Q

What is axon collateral

A

Axon split into smaller extensions called terminal branches

38
Q

What is the synaptic cleft?

A

Small gap between presynaptic terminal and postsynaptic membrane

39
Q

What is axonal transport

A

Cellular process responsible for movement of mitochondria, lipids, synaptic vesicles, proteins and other organelles to and from a neurons cell body

40
Q

what does retrograde transport

A

Dynein

41
Q

What does nissl stain

A

Stains Neurons vs glia

42
Q

What is immunohistochemistry

A

Fixed tissue, antibodies, fluorescent microscope

Uses antibodies to test for antigens

43
Q

What is live imaging/flourescent dye

A

Genetic or injected

Allows to see cells in life time or over time

44
Q

What do retrograde tracers do

A

Determine location of cells

45
Q

What does electron microscopes allow you to see

A

Synapses and organelles

46
Q

How is the unipolar neuron structure related to its function ?

A

Small area for receiving synaptic input so highly specialised function with reliable relay of information

DRG

47
Q

How is the unipolar neuron structure related to its function ?

A

Small area for receiving synaptic input so highly specialised function with reliable relay of information

48
Q

How is the bipolar structure related to its function

A

Small area for synaptic input so highly specialised function

49
Q

How is the multipolar neuron function related to its structure

A

Large area for receiving synaptic inputs, high levels of convergence

50
Q

Where do interneurons (Relay or projection) connect?

A

Brain regions

51
Q

What do local interneurons do

A

Process info in local circuits

52
Q

What is the marker for Astrocytes

A

GFAP

53
Q

What is the homeostatic cell of the CNS

A

Astrocytes

54
Q

What is the homeostatic cell of the PNS

A

satellite cells

55
Q

What is the homeostatic cell of the ENS

A

Enteric glia

56
Q

What is the myelinating cells of the CNS

A

Oligodendrocyte

57
Q

What is the myelinating cells of the PNS

A

Schwann cells

58
Q

What is the phagocytic cells of the CNS

A

Microglia

59
Q

What is the phagocytic cells of the PNS

A

Schwann cells and macrophages

60
Q

What do astrocytes do

A

Supply brain with glycogen for 10 mins, metabolise gylocogen and supply lactate
Buffer EXC potassium
Part of blood brain barrier
Couple neuronal activity to blood supply

61
Q

What is the tripartite synapse

A

Terminates neurotransmitter activity, recycles neurotransmitters to presynaptic terminals

62
Q

What is the function of myelin

A

Insulates and creates nodes of Ranvier, establishes saltatory conduction

63
Q

How is myelin formed

A

Oligo cytoplasm wrapped many times around the axon

64
Q

How is cytoplasm removed from cell layers during myelination

A

Squeezed out via compaction

University - Neuroscience (9 decks)

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