Introduction to Neuroscience

Question 1

What is the Somatic nervous system?

Answer 1

Voluntary - contracts muscle - motor output

Question 2

What is the ANS?

Answer 2

Involuntary - maintains homeostasis

Question 3

What does the PNS innervate?

Answer 3

Somatic nervous system and ANS

Question 4

What does Anterior mean?

Answer 4

At the front

Question 5

What does Posterior mean?

Answer 5

At the back

Question 6

What does Superior mean?

Answer 6

At the top

Question 7

What does inferior mean?

Answer 7

At the bottom

Question 8

What does Rostral mean?

Answer 8

At the front towards nose

Question 9

What does Caudal mean?

Answer 9

At the back towards back of head

Question 10

What does dorsal mean?

Answer 10

Back of the body

Question 11

What does ventral mean?

Answer 11

In front in the spine

Below in brain

Question 12

What does medial mean?

Answer 12

Towards the midline

Question 13

What does sagittal mean?

Answer 13

Front to back

Question 14

What does Coronal mean

Answer 14

Left to right

Question 15

What does the forebrain contain?

Answer 15

Cerebral hemisphere and basal nuclei, thalamus and hypothalamus

Question 16

What does the midbrain control?

Answer 16

motor movement, particularly movements of the eye, and in auditory and visual processing.

Question 17

What does the hindbrain contain and control

Answer 17

Pons - Rostral to medulla - respiratory rhythm and breathing

Cerebellum - Caudial to pons - balance and movement

Medulla - heartbeat and respiration

Question 18

What does the brainstem contain

Answer 18

Medulla, pons and midbrain

Question 19

What does the cerebrospinal fluid do?

Answer 19

Maintains homeostasis, filters plasma, removes waste, physical protection, makes brain more buoyant, maintains levels of ions

Question 20

How is the ventricular system formed?

Answer 20

embryologically derived from the neural canal, forming early in the development of the neural tube

Question 21

What is cervical enlargement

Answer 21

Allows for control of arms

Question 22

What is lumbar enlargement for

Answer 22

Control of lower limbs

Question 23

Is thoracic voluntary or involuntary

Answer 23

involuntary

Question 24

What is grey matter

Answer 24

Neurons and glia

Question 25

What is white matter

Answer 25

Neuronal axons wrapped in myelin

Question 26

What are neurons

Answer 26

excitable cells that conduct impulses

Question 27

What does glia do

Answer 27

Maintains homeostasis, provides protection and assists neural function

Question 28

What does Nissl stain mark?

Answer 28

Distinguish between neurons and flia. Highlights rRNA

Question 29

What is the soma?

Answer 29

Where the signals from the dendrites are joined and passed on

Question 30

What are the 4 major compartments of the neuron

Answer 30

Dendrites, Soma, axon and axon terminal

Question 31

What is golgi stain made of?

Answer 31

Silver chromate

Question 32

What are microtubules

Answer 32

Hollow tube composed of polymers of tubulin

Question 33

Why are tubulin molecules dynamically regulated

Answer 33

Tubulin molecule can be removed and added to another to grow the neuron via depolymerisation and polymerisation

Question 34

What are microfilaments

Answer 34

Give cell shape and support internal parts

Question 35

What does the axon hillock do?

Answer 35

Attaches to the soma and sums the total inhibitory and excitatory signals to determine threshold

Question 36

What are the features of the Axon terminal

Answer 36

No rough ER, <1mm to >1m in length, 1um-25um diameter

Question 37

What is axon collateral

Answer 37

Axon split into smaller extensions called terminal branches

Question 38

What is the synaptic cleft?

Answer 38

Small gap between presynaptic terminal and postsynaptic membrane

Question 39

What is axonal transport

Answer 39

Cellular process responsible for movement of mitochondria, lipids, synaptic vesicles, proteins and other organelles to and from a neurons cell body

Question 40

what does retrograde transport

Answer 40

Dynein

Question 41

What does nissl stain

Answer 41

Stains Neurons vs glia

Question 42

What is immunohistochemistry

Answer 42

Fixed tissue, antibodies, fluorescent microscope | Uses antibodies to test for antigens

Question 43

What is live imaging/flourescent dye

Answer 43

Genetic or injected | Allows to see cells in life time or over time

Question 44

What do retrograde tracers do

Answer 44

Determine location of cells

Question 45

What does electron microscopes allow you to see

Answer 45

Synapses and organelles

Question 46

How is the unipolar neuron structure related to its function ?

Answer 46

Small area for receiving synaptic input so highly specialised function with reliable relay of information DRG

Question 47

How is the unipolar neuron structure related to its function ?

Answer 47

Small area for receiving synaptic input so highly specialised function with reliable relay of information

Question 48

How is the bipolar structure related to its function

Answer 48

Small area for synaptic input so highly specialised function

Question 49

How is the multipolar neuron function related to its structure

Answer 49

Large area for receiving synaptic inputs, high levels of convergence

Question 50

Where do interneurons (Relay or projection) connect?

Answer 50

Brain regions

Question 51

What do local interneurons do

Answer 51

Process info in local circuits

Question 52

What is the marker for Astrocytes

Answer 52

GFAP

Question 53

What is the homeostatic cell of the CNS

Answer 53

Astrocytes

Question 54

What is the homeostatic cell of the PNS

Answer 54

satellite cells

Question 55

What is the homeostatic cell of the ENS

Answer 55

Enteric glia

Question 56

What is the myelinating cells of the CNS

Answer 56

Oligodendrocyte

Question 57

What is the myelinating cells of the PNS

Answer 57

Schwann cells

Question 58

What is the phagocytic cells of the CNS

Answer 58

Microglia

Question 59

What is the phagocytic cells of the PNS

Answer 59

Schwann cells and macrophages

Question 60

What do astrocytes do

Answer 60

Supply brain with glycogen for 10 mins, metabolise gylocogen and supply lactate Buffer EXC potassium Part of blood brain barrier Couple neuronal activity to blood supply

Question 61

What is the tripartite synapse

Answer 61

Terminates neurotransmitter activity, recycles neurotransmitters to presynaptic terminals

Question 62

What is the function of myelin

Answer 62

Insulates and creates nodes of Ranvier, establishes saltatory conduction

Question 63

How is myelin formed

Answer 63

Oligo cytoplasm wrapped many times around the axon

Question 64

How is cytoplasm removed from cell layers during myelination

Answer 64

Squeezed out via compaction