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University - Neuroscience > Memory and sleep > Flashcards

Memory and sleep Flashcards

1
Q

What is the engram

A

The physical embodiment of a memory

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2
Q

What are the 2 memory systems

A

Procedural memory (implicit) - skills and associations, unavailable to the conscious mind

Declarative (explicit) - available to the conscious mind, symbols and language

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3
Q

What are the different lengths of memory

A

Immediate - few seconds

Short term - seconds/mins

Long - days,months,years

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4
Q

What parts of the brain does playing the piano require

A

Auditory cortex and motor cortex

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5
Q

What parts of the brain does taking an exam require

A

Amygdala and frontal cortex

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6
Q

What does the temporal lobe do

A

Responsible for creating and preserving conscious and long-term memory

Patient HM had 8cm of medial temporal lobe removed –> intelligence and personality was intact but had extreme anterograde amnesia

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7
Q

What does the pre-frontal cortex do

A

Allows access to the working memory

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8
Q

What does the hippocampus do

A

Converts short - long term memory

Declarative memory

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9
Q

What does the amygdala do in memory

A

Multiple processed sensory inputs which allow for learnt fear

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10
Q

What does the cerebellum do in memory

A

Procedural memory

Sensorimotor memory - difference between you and environment

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11
Q

How many layers in the hippocampus

A

3 layered cortex

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12
Q

Where does the hippocampus get its inputs

A

Mainly the entorhinal cortex

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13
Q

When would the hippocampus be enlarged

A

In people whose work requires good spatial memory

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14
Q

What are reverberating ciruits

A

A neural circuit which nerve impulses that were initially activated in response to stimulus are more or less continuously reactivated so that he retrieval of information on demand is possible

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15
Q

What is the Hebbian synapse

A

A junction between neurons which is strengthened every time it successfully fires

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16
Q

What is long term potentiation

A

a process involving persistent strengthening of synapses that leads to a long-lasting increase in signal transmission between neurons

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17
Q

What is in the temporal lobe

A

the olfactory cortex, the hippocampus and the amygdala

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18
Q

What is long term depression

A

The process at which synaptic connections become weaker

Allows for new memories

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19
Q

How does LTD occur

A

NMDA blocked by Mg2+

AMPA activation causes depolarisation so Mg2+ removed

Ca2+ can re-enter the neuron causing further depolarisation

Low level of calcium is insufficient to activate LTP

Activates cellular cascade to remove AMPA receptors which weakens the synapse

20
Q

When does LTD happen

A

Prolonged low intensity stimulation

21
Q

How does LTP occur

A

Mg2+ block on NMDA receptors removed by glutamate so Ca2+ can enter the cell

Influx of calcium creates more AMPA receptors so more postively charged ions can enter the cell

Postsynaptic receptor becomes more receptive to glutamate so more Ca2+ can enter

22
Q

What is habituation

A

A decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated presentations

23
Q

How is habituation achieveved

A

Repeated stimuation calcium channels becomes less responsive so less calcium crosses the presynaptic membrane

Less neurotransmitter released

Less depolarisation of the post-synaptic membrane so no action potential is triggered in the motor neuron

24
Q

What changes in habituation

A

Less neurotransmitters so fewer APs

25
Q

What is short term habituation

A

Attenuation of the startle response on repeated presentation of the startle stimulus

Lasts several minutes

26
Q

What was the animal where habituation was first researched

A

Aplsia califonica (big snail)

27
Q

How is long term sensitization achieved in aplysia snail

A

Pairing of tail and siphon stimulus shows that the gill withdrawal reflex can be altered for days or weeks

28
Q

What is the definition of sleep

A

A period of reduced motor activity, reduced response to stimulation, stereotypic postures, easy to reverse

29
Q

What does electroencephalogram measure

A

electrical activity of neurones in the brain

30
Q

What are the advantageous of electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

Non-invasive
Easy to administer and gather data
High temporal resolution (milliseconds)

31
Q

What are the disadvantageous of electroencephalogram

A

Low spatial resolution

Further away from source the smaller the signals and the skull blocks some of the signals

32
Q

What are the 4 types of brain waves

A

Beta - high Hz
Alpha
Theta
Delta

33
Q

What are the 5 stages of sleep and what does each of the measurement tools show

A

Drowsiness - awakened easily, eyes move slowly and muscle activity slows. EOG shows slow rolling of eyes
EMG shows some muscle activity
EEG shows mostly theta waves

Preparation for deep sleep, Heart rate slows and body temperature drops
EOG is greater than stage one, EMG similar to stage one, EEG greater than stage one

Deep sleep. Extremely slow delta waves with smaller faster waves interspersed in-between. Phase of night terrors, sleep talking
EOG is greater than stage 1 and 2
EMG is consistent with 1 and 2
EEG is much higher

Very deep sleep
EEG - brian produces delta waves
Disorientation from arousal
EOG and EEG similar to stage 3

REM sleep, EEG mimics wakefulness, eyes move rapidly side to side, intense dream and brain activity, sleep is paradoxical

34
Q

What does a electromyograph show (EMG)

A

Muscle movement

35
Q

What does a electro-oculograph show (EOG)

A

Eye movement

36
Q

How many times is REM repeated per sleep

A

4 or 5 times in a night

stage 3 and 4 decrease in duration throughout the sleep

37
Q

What are the percentages of time spent asleep in each stage

A

5% - stage 1
50-60 stage 2
15-20 stage 3 and 4
20 stage 5

38
Q

What part of the brain regulates wakefulness

A

Brain stem

39
Q

What are 5HT receptors

A

a group of G protein-coupled receptors specific for serotonin

40
Q

What is paradoxical sleep

A

REM-neurons firing like wakefulness

41
Q

What systems are activated in REM sleep

A

No activity in frontal lobe
No activity in raphe nuclei and locus coeruleus
Inhibition of motor neurons

42
Q

What is the purpose of sleep (theories)

A

Exercise the synapse

Circuit testing

Memory consolidation

43
Q

What is the major internal clock

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus of anterior hypothalamus

Regulates timing not the sleep itself

44
Q

What provides information to the suprachiamsatic nucleus

A

Photosensitive ganglion cells

Sense light - dampens the suprachiasmatic nucleus

45
Q

What does the raphe nucei do

A

Releases serotonin (5-HT)

46
Q

What is the locus coeruleus

A

Where the brain creates Norepinephrine

University - Neuroscience (9 decks)

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