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NUR 1112 - BIOSCIENCE > The Nervous system > Flashcards

The Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

how does the nervous system ensure homeostasis is preserved

A

detects stimuli occuring inside and outside the body

responds to these changes
coordiantes activities in the organ systems

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2
Q

what are the 3 main functions of the Nervous System

A

sensory
integrative
motor function

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3
Q

what does the sensory function of the nervous system involve

A

detects sensory input

sends sensory input to the control centre

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4
Q

what does the integrative function of the nervous system involve

A

analyses and interprets sensory input
determines approprriate response
generates motor output that causes response

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5
Q

what does the motor function of the nervous system involve

A

issues motor output to activate an effector

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6
Q

what stimuli do nociceptors detect

A

pain

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7
Q

what do tactile receptors detect

A

touch, pressure and vibration

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8
Q

what do baroreceptors detect

A

change in BP

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9
Q

What do proprioreceptors detect

A

body position

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10
Q

what do photoreceptors detect

A

light

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11
Q

what do chemoreceptors detect

A

chemicals in solution ( taste and smell)

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12
Q

what do mechanorecptors detect

A

hearing and balance

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13
Q

list the 2 divisions of the nervous system

A

Central and peripheral

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14
Q

what does the CNS consist of

A

brain and spinal cord

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15
Q

the control centre performs what main function

A

integration

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16
Q

what are the 2 main divisions of the motor division

A

autonomic and somatic

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17
Q

conveys somatic motor output from the _______ to the skeletal muscles

A

CNS

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18
Q

the autonomic motor output control involuntary activities such as: (5)

A 
heart rate
resp. 
food digestion 
urination/ defication
BV and pupil diameter
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19
Q

name the 2 functional divisions of the autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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20
Q

neural tissue mostly consists of 2 cell types, name them

A

neuroglia

neurons

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21
Q

name the 2 types of neuroglia that can be found in the PNS

A

satellite cells

schwann cells

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22
Q

name the 4 different types of neuroglia that can be found in the CNS

A

ependymal cells
astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
microglia

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23
Q

what do neurons require for survival

A

oxygen and glucose

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24
Q

what is the main function of neurons

A

communication

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25
Q

name the 4 parts most neurons consist of

A

dendrites
cell body
axon
axon terminals

26
Q

Dendrites are the main _____ input region of a neuron

A

input

27
Q

what does the cell body contain

A

nucleus and organelles

28
Q

what are the 2 main function of the cell body

A

receive info from other neurons and converts this info into a graded potential.

integrates info and conveys it towards the initial segment of the axon

29
Q

what is the axon covered by

A

myelin sheath

30
Q

where is the myelin sheath produced

A

schwann cells and oligodendrocytes

31
Q

what is the function of myelin

A

increases the speed of signal conduction

32
Q

what are the gaps in the segments called

A

nodes of ranvier

33
Q

destruction of myelin in the CNS results in which condition

A

MS

34
Q

What do axon terminals contain?

A

synaptic vesicles

35
Q

what do synaptic vesicles store and release

A

neurotransmitters

36
Q

what is the function of neurotransmitters

A

chemicals that carry info from a neuron to another cell

37
Q

neuron cell bodies are organised into clusters called:
in the CNS
in the PNS

A

nuclei

ganglia

38
Q

neuron axons are bundled together to form
in the CNS
in the PNS

A

tracts

nerves

39
Q

what are the 3 classifications of neurons

A
  • multipolar
  • bipolar
  • unipolar
40
Q

particles can be ____/____ charged

A

positively or negatively

41
Q

for neurons to generate an electrical signal, their plasma mem must:

A
  • exhibit a resting membrane potential (RMP)

- contain protein channels which allow specific ions to diffuse down their concentration gradient

42
Q

compare leakage channels and gated channels

A

leakage: always open
gated: open and close in response to a specific stimulus

43
Q

where would chemically gated channels be located

A

along the plasma membrane of the dendrites and cell body

44
Q

where would one find mechanically gated channels

A

along the plasma membrane of dendrites

45
Q

where are voltage gated channels found

A

along the PM of the axon and axon terminals

46
Q

what is a resting membrane potential

A

voltage across the plasma membrane of a resting cell.

47
Q

what causes a RMP to exist

A

uneven distribution of positive ions across the plasma membrane creates a charge difference across the membrane

48
Q

what is the approximate voltage of a RMP

A

-70mV

49
Q

what is depolarisation

A

occurs when the membrane potential becomes less negative

50
Q

what happens when a stimuls opens sodium gated channels

A
  • influx of sodium ions into the ICF
  • ICF gains postive ions
  • cell interior becomes less negative
  • membrane potential becomes less negative
51
Q

what is hyperpolarisation

A

membrane potential becomes more negative

52
Q

what happens when a stimulus opens potassium gated channels”

A
  • efflux of potassium ions out of the ICF
  • ICF looses positive ions
  • cell interior becomes more negative
  • membrane potential becomes more negative
53
Q

what are the 2 types of electrical singnals that the nervous system generates

A
  • graded potentials

- action potentials

54
Q

what are the graded potentials

A

small changes in the membrane potential

55
Q

where do graded potentials originate

A

in the dendrites or cell body when a stimulus opens chemically gated or mechanically gated channels.

56
Q

state the length of graded potentials

A

short

57
Q

describe the process of a graded potential

A
  • travel to the initial segment of an axon
  • depolarise the initial segment to -55
    stimulates voltage gated sodium channels to open
  • generates an AP
58
Q

compare continuous conduction with saltatory conduction with regards to:

  • where it occurs
  • whether the action potentials are generated
  • conduction speed
A

unmyelinated axons // myelinated axons
voltage gated channels along the length of the axon // generated at the nodes of ranvier
< 2m/s // >100m/s

59
Q

explain how a local anesthetic blocks pain

A
  • block voltage gated sodium channels
  • no action potential
  • no conduction of pain signal to the brain
  • no sensation of pain
60
Q

why does the cold and pressure reduce pain

A

impairs signal conduction

61
Q

what is a chemical synapse

A

junction that mediates the transfer of info

62
Q

what process occurs at a chemical synapse between 2 neurons

A
  • neurons sending the info - presynaptic neuron
  • neuron receiving the info - postsynaptic neuron
  • presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes and seperated by synaptic cleff.
  • signal transmission involves chemical neurotransmitters.

NUR 1112 - BIOSCIENCE (16 decks)

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