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NUR 1112 - BIOSCIENCE > Cells tissues and skin > Flashcards

Cells tissues and skin Flashcards

1
Q

state the levels of structual complexity

A

atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

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2
Q

how many cells in the human body

A

50000 trillio

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3
Q

how many types of cells in humans

A

250

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4
Q

all cells have 3 features in common

A

plasma mem
cytoplasm
nucleua

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5
Q

what is cytoplasm composed of

A

cytosol or ICF

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6
Q

where does protein synthesis occur

A

on the ribosome

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7
Q

name the 2 types of endoplasmic reticulum

A

smooth and rough

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8
Q

functions of Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

synthesis
storage
transport
detoxification

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9
Q

Where would a lot of rough ER be found

A

in excretory cells

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10
Q

explain the process of synthesis and export of protein by the RER

A
  • protein is synthesised on the ribosome and migrates into the rough ER cistern
  • in the cistern the protein folds into functional shapes
  • short sugar chains attach to protein to form a glycoprotein
  • protein is packaged in a tiny membranous sac called a transport vesicle.
  • transport vesicle buds from the RER and travels to the golgi apparatus for further processing
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11
Q

what are the functions of the Golgi apparatus

A
  • modify, concentrate and packages proteins and lipids
  • forms vesicles and distributes them
  • within the cell
  • move and become inserted within the PM
  • move to the PM for the content to be exported out of the cell by exocytosis
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12
Q

what is the function of mitochondria

A

cellular resp. releases energy in the form of ATP

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13
Q

functions of lysosomes

A

digest biological material including proteins and cell debris

dispose of invading bacteria, viruses and toxins

recycle molecules

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14
Q

what are the 3 types of cytoskeleton

A
  • microfilaments
  • intermediate filaments
  • microtubules
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15
Q

what are microfilaments made up of

A

a protein called actin, it contracts for movement

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16
Q

where can intermediate filaments be found

A

in between the other 2 types, it resists the pulling forces on the cell.

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17
Q

what is the function of microtubules

A

maintain cell shape and distributes cellular organelles

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18
Q

what are cilia

A

motile cellular extensions on the top of cells

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19
Q

function of cillia

A

sweep in wave like manner to move materials across the surface

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20
Q

function of microvilli

A

increase the SA of cell

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21
Q

what is the plasma membrane

A

thin and flexible boundary between the ICF and ECF

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22
Q

describe a selectively permeable membrane

A

membrane that allows certain substances to pass but not all

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23
Q

name the 2 components of a phospholipid molecule

A
  • hydrophilic head

- hydrophobic tail

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24
Q

what is a lipid core

A

lipid tails face towards each other

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25
Q

what does a plasma membrane consist of

A
  • phospholipids
  • proteins
  • cholesterol
  • carbohydrates
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26
Q

what are the functions of peripheral proteins

A

supports the plasma membrane, enzyme or motor functions

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27
Q

what are the 2 things that integral proteins can act as

A

enzymes or receptors

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28
Q

what are the 2 things that integral proteins can be classified as

A

channels or carrier

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29
Q

what is the main structual differences between peripheral proteins and integral proteins

A

not embedded throughout the plasma mem // embedded within the plasma mem and spans the entire membrane

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30
Q

why are integral proteins required within the plasma membrane

A

transports substances that need to pass through the PM but can’t pass directly through the lipid core because they are water soluble or too large.

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31
Q

Briefly describe a leakage channel

A

always open at both ends

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32
Q

briefly describe a gated channel

A

open at one end and can open or close at the other end

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33
Q

list the 3 types of gated channels

A

voltage
mechanically
chemically

34
Q

why would a substance use carrier proteins

A

lipid insoluble
substances that are too large to use chemical proteins
glucose, amino acids

35
Q

list the 3 factors that affect the rate of movement

A

concentration gradient
size of the substance
temperature (warmer = faster)

36
Q

compare the 2 types of transport

A 
passive 
- no energy 
- move down concentration gradient 
- simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion and osmosis 
Active 
- requires ATP
- move up gradient
37
Q

definition for facilitated diffusion

A

assisted transport of large or lipid insoluble substances from an area of high concentration to low concentration across a plasma membrane using an integral protein.

38
Q

during osmosis water can move in one of two ways

A
  1. through the phospholipid bilayer

2. through channel proteins called aquaporins.

39
Q

high solute concentration - ______ water concentration

low solute concentration - _______ water concentration

A

low

high

40
Q

osmosis definition

A

net diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of more water to an area of less when the solute can not pass through the membrane.

41
Q

briefly describe the sodium / potassium pump

A

moves NA out of the cell against concentration gradient

moves K into the cell against concentration gradient

42
Q

exocytosis vs endocytosis

A

exo - out of the cell

endo- into the cell

43
Q

definition for tonicity

A

ability of a solution to affect the shape of a cell by altering the cells internal water volume.

44
Q

the tonicity of a solution that surrounds the cell is determined by what

A

concentration relative to ICF

45
Q

describe isotonic solutions

A

same concentration as the ICF

46
Q

describe a hypertonic solution

A

higher concentration of impermeable solutes than the ICF

lower amount of water than cell

47
Q

what happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution

A

lose water - shrinks - crenates

48
Q

describe a hypotonic solution

A

lower concentration of impermeable solutes than the ICF

higher amount of water than the cell

49
Q

what happens to cells in a hypotonic solution

A

they will gain water and swell / burst / lyse

50
Q

name the 4 types of tissue

A

epithelial
nervous
connective
muscle

51
Q

what are muscle cells composed of

A

contractile microfilaments

52
Q

name the 3 types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal
cardiac
smooth

53
Q

name 3 places where would could find epithelial tissue

A
  • covering the body
  • line internal organs
  • form glands
54
Q

epithelium lacks blood vessels and is therefor refered to as _________

A

avascular

55
Q

how does epithelium receive oxygen and nutrients?

A

delivered from underlying connective tissue via diffusion

56
Q

epithelium has 2 structural adaptations

A

cillia and microvilli

57
Q

list the 5 types of epithelial tissue

A
  • simple
  • stratified
  • squamous
  • cuboidal
  • columnar
58
Q

function of simple epithelial tissue

A

absorption
secretion
filtration

59
Q

functions of stratified epithelium

A

protection

60
Q

name the 4 classes of connective tissue

A

CT proper (loose and dense)
cartilage
bone
blood

61
Q

what do all connective tissues have in common

A

all contain

  • specialised cells
  • ground substance
  • protein fibers
62
Q

describe the extracellular matrix

A

non living substance surrounding the cells it is composed of ground substances and protein fibers.

63
Q

list the 3 types of protein fibers that connective tissue is made up of

A
  • collagen fibers
  • elastic fibers
  • reticular fibers
64
Q

functions of connective tissue proper

A

support, binding, storage and insulation

65
Q

3 types of cartilage

A

hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage

66
Q

what does bone consist of

A

anundant collagen fibers

67
Q

what reabsorbs bone as needed?

A

osteocytes

68
Q

where is stratified squamous epithelial tissue found in the skin

A

epidermis

69
Q

where is the connective tissue found in the skin

A

dermis and hypodermis

70
Q

where is the smooth muscle tissue found in the skin

A

in arterioles that are attached to hairs - arrector pili

71
Q

where is nervous tissue in the skin

A

all layers including sensory and motor

72
Q

average SA of skin

A

2m 2

73
Q

average weight of skin

A

4-5 kg

74
Q

list the 3 major skin layers

A

epidermis

dermis

hypodermis

75
Q

how often is your epidermis layer replaced

A

every 25-45 days

76
Q

5 epidermal layers

A 
stratum corneum 
lucidum 
granulosum 
spinosum
basale
77
Q

5 cell types in the epidermis

A
  • epidermal stem cells
  • keratinocytes
  • melanocyte
  • merkel / tactile cells
  • langerhans cell
78
Q

functions of the skin

A
  • protection
  • sensation
  • metabolic function
  • excretion
  • blood reservoir
  • temp reg.
79
Q

why does the skin thin when aging

A

more cells lost than formed

80
Q

why do elderly have higher chance of Skin cancer

A

increased number of melancytes

81
Q

describe the stages of tissue repair

A
  1. inflamation (clot)
  2. organisation or proliferation
  3. maturation or remodeling

NUR 1112 - BIOSCIENCE (16 decks)

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