The Nervous System 1 Flashcards
The PNS is
Nerves that connect up within the CNS and down the spinal cord to the extremities and muscles of the body
What are axons?
Nerve fibres
What do dendrites do?
Recieve information
What do axons do?
They send information
Bundles of axons in the CNS is referred to as
Tract
Bundles of axons in PNS is referred to as
Nerve
Neuron is composed of
Cell body
Dendrite
Axon
Cerebrum is split into
Cerebral hemispheres
The cerebrum is connected by the
Corpus callosum
The corpus callosum is
White mater/ fibres
The surface of the cerebrum is referred to as the
Cortex- all the lumps and bumps, very thin layer around the edges of the hemispheres
The cerebrum is divided up by
Longitudinal fissure- the two hemispheres are split by this
The gyri are the
Bumpy, elevated parts on the surface of the brain
The crumpled/lumpy jelly-like (“blancmange”) gray mater weighs?
3 pounds- lot of tissue squeezed into small area
3-4 months of development
Surface of brain folds up
The gray mater is all
The lumps and bumps we can see on the cerebrum
White mater is the
Nerve fibres -sends information down to top part of brain stem
The frontal lobe is
Anterior to central fissure/sulcus
Within the frontal lobe is areas which control
Motor control
And voluntary motor control such as speech and eye movements
Frontal lobe executes functioning
Plan, analyse, reflect
Primary motor cortex is within the
Frontal lobe
The motor cortex is
One of the most important areas
There are other areas that deal with movement aside from
Primary motor cortex
The gray mater is all
The lumps and bumps we can see on the cerebrum
White mater is the
Nerve fibres -sends information down to top part of brain stem
The frontal lobe is
Anterior to central fissure/sulcus
Within the frontal lobe is areas which control
Motor control
And voluntary motor control such as speech and eye movements
Frontal lobe executes functioning
Plan, analyse, reflect
Primary motor cortex is within the
Frontal lobe
The motor cortex is
One of the most important areas
There are other areas that deal with movement aside from
Primary motor cortex
Hemispheres control
Opposite sides of the body
Lower part of motor cortex is for
Speech and controls larynx,tongue and lips,face at lower end of PNS
The lower end of the primary motor cortex is
Immediately adjacent to brocade area
Lesion in Broca’s area results in
Problems with speech production- movement of articulators
Broca’s area is general area for
Speech production and comprehension- it works out what motor planning is required for speech production and direct information to the motor cortex to let it know what is needed to produce speech
Primary motor cortex
Performs movement
Broca’s area
Inferior frontal gyrus
Pre motor cortex
Primary motor cortex has
Central role in planning and organisation of motor behaviour required for speech production
Prefrontal cortex executive function is
Personality
Brain-injury patients may have personality changes due to
Damage (see also dementia)
In dementia, cells
Die away and in the area where they die- it will affect functions of these areas
Parietal lobe is posterior to
Central fissure/sulcus, lower border at Sylvian fissure
Parietal lobe received
Sensory information from body-speech, eye movement
Parietal bone is involved in touch as well
And visuospatial processing occurs in this area
Within the parietal lobe, the primary sensory cortex responds
To touch and pain stimuli
Within the parietal bone, posterior parietal cortex processed
Different stimuli to help plan motor acts
Within the parietal lobe, the angular gyrus sits at
Junction of parietal,occipital and temporal lobes
Lesions are
High order language processing (e.g metaphor)
Within the parietal lobe, the supramarginal gyrus is involved in
Word meaning, ability to connect word meanings with action patterns (e.g show me how to whistle)
The temporal lobe is
Low side of hemisphere. Upper border to frontal/parietal at Sylvian fissure
Lower lobe is closest to
The ear
There is three major gyri of the temporal lobe
Superior
Inferior
Medial
Main functions of temporal lobe are
Perception and comprehension of speech and language and formation of long term memory
The primary auditory cortex is the
First cortical location for processing auditory signals and receives basic signals and analyses
The auditory association area receives
Basic analysis and performs higher level analysis
Pre motor cortex:
Speech and language perception and understanding
First place when information from the ear goes to the primary auditory cortex
Plays a fairly important part for speech and language perception and understanding
Wernickes area is involved with
Speech and language comprehension but also primary auditory cortex (speech sounds)
Other areas of temporal,parietal , frontal (complex meaning)
Occipital bone is
Posterior parts of hemispheres. It is the smallest lobe and is primary visual cortex
Occipital lobe
Processes visual information as it contains the primary visual cortex
Insula is the
Cortex/lobe underneath Sylvian fissure
Insula is involved in
Speech and language and swallowing- coordinate high level of speech and language production
The Limboc system is structures within
Cerebrum involved with emotions, motivations, memory and adaptive functions
The Limbic system is composed of
Cingulate gyrus
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Basal ganglia
Cerebral connections include
Projection tracts and association tracts
Projection tracts are
Corticobulbar
Corticospinal and has long axons and cortex to brainstem/ spinal cord
Association tracts are
Arcuate fasciculus and is interhemispheric (within and between lobes)
The arcuate fasciculus connects speech and language cortical areas in
Frontal, temporal and parietal bones
Wernickes to angular gyri
To supra-marginal gyri to Broca’s
The corticobulbar tract: bulbar=brainstem
Fibres originate in cortex (cell bodies) and end in brainstem
Fibres for control of facial, jaw, tongue, velopharyngeal and laryngeal muscles connect with lower motor neurons
Cortex down to midbrain
To pons to medulla
Corticospinal tract: fibres originate in cortex (cell bodies)
And end in spinal cord. (Lower motor neurons)
Cortex to midbrain to pons to medulla to spinal cord
