The Nephron- structural and functional considerations Flashcards

1
Q

list the components of the nephron

A

Renal corpuscles
PCT and DCT
Peritubular capillary network
Interstitium
Loops of henle
vasa recta
collecting ducts /papillary ducts

diagram on anki

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2
Q

filtration takes place in what structures in the nephron

A

bowmans capsule and glomerulus

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3
Q

the renal corpuscle is made up of what structures wihtin nephron

A

glomerulus + bowmans capsule

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4
Q

number of nephrons found in kidney varies between…

A

species

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5
Q

approx how many nephrons are found in the;
elephant
man
dog
cat
mouse

A

Elephant: approx.. 7 million per kidney
Man: approx.. 1 million per kidney
Dog : approx.. 0.5 million per kidney (adult 12 kg dog).
Cat: approx.. 200,000 per kidney (adult)
Mouse: approx..11,000 per kidney

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6
Q

do additional nephrons develop once kideny is fully deveoped?

A

no

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7
Q

name the functional roles of the nephron

A

Filtration
Reabsorption
Setting up concentration gradient
Secretion
Collecting duct- concentration of urine

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8
Q

function of parts of nephron is refelcted in… and influeced by what substances?

A

Function is reflected in histological structure

Function varies under influence of Aldosterone and ADH

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9
Q

which strcutures are found in the cortex region and which in the medulla region

A

on anki

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10
Q

where are the medullary rays located

A

in the cortex

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11
Q

what are the medullary rays comprised of

A

comprised of arrangemnts of renal corpuscles (central area) which are surrounded by straigh parts of proximal distal tubules and collecting tubules

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12
Q

function of the renal corpuscle

A

filtration barrier

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13
Q

type of epithelium in PCT and bowmans capsule

A

pct= simple cuboidal
bowmans= simple squamous

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14
Q

describe the formation of the renal corpuscle

A

glomerulus makes contact with bowmans capsule
glomerulus starts pushing inwards till the renal corpuscle is formed

diagram on anki

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15
Q

renal corpuscle terms;
-what is the term which describes the region where the glomerulus and bowmans capsule make contact?
-term describing outer surface layer of balloon formed
-term describing space between both other layers

A

-visceral layer
-parietal layer
-urinary space

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16
Q

term given to filtrate which ultimately forms the urin in the renal corpuscle
2 types of poles in renal corpuscle

A

urinary pole
Urinary & Vascular poles

17
Q

what are the mesangial cells
-function

A

cells that sit in the convulutuions of other structures within renal corpuscle.
-produce a supporting matrix and togetehr with globelular basement membrane; phagocytose any debris retained by filtration barrier -like a hoover!

18
Q

FILTRATION occuring in renal corpuscle resultsin…

A

removal of nitrogenous wastes (plus lots of good stuff too)

19
Q

filtration is based on…

A

particle size and charge (-vely charged particles are repelled)

20
Q

desrcibe what structures the filtrate passes into in renal corpuscle.
blood exits through…

A

passes into the urinary space and then on into the PCT (proximal convuluted tubule)
-through glomerulus via efferent arteriole

21
Q

function of proximal convoluted tubule

A

reabsorption of around 70% of glomerular filtrate

22
Q

what can be seen on a histological section when looking at PCT )proximal convoluted tubule)

what does PCT consist of

PCT forms part of the…

A

Abrupt change in epithelium at the ‘urinary pole ‘ of bowman’s capsule (simple squamous to cuboidal epithelium with ‘brush border’)
Microvilli can be seen

The proximal tubule consists of a convoluted part and a straight part

cortical labyrinth

23
Q

what structures does the PCT contain within that allow for reabsorption to occur

A

microvilli, leaky intercellular junctions, inter-digitations in cell wall

24
Q

2 types of cellular pathways that occur within PCT

A

trans-cellular pathways- passive and active

25
features of PCT in a H&E section
Basal nuclei (towards base of cell), microvillus (brush) border- pink-fluffy border, lack of cell boundaries.
26
name the structures found in a histological section of the medulla which make up the counter current multiplier system
1. thin descending loop of henle (from PST) 2. thin ascending loop (to DST) 3. descending vasa recta (efferent arterioles) 4. ascending vesa recta (similar to venules) 5. Collecting duct- concentration of urine
27
what is the function of the juxtaglomerular cells
production of renin (also known as an angiotensinogenase) juxtaglomerular cells store renin until they are told to release it
28
name the 3 cells found in the juxtaglomerular apparatus
juxtaglomerular cells macula densa cells Mesangial cells (Lacis cells)
29
function of the macula densa cells
Sense sodium chloride concentration in the lumen and stimulate the juxtaglomerular cells to synthesize and release renin into the bloodstream -blood pressure regulation
30
function of the distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
-Re-absorption sodium, chloride, calcium and magnesium (actively) -Tubular Secretion (H+, K+(aldosterone))
31
mai nhistological differences between DCT and PCT
-PCT has that fluffy brush border which is thr microvilli, DCT does not have this -fewer DCT in number compared to PCT -DCT have more lumen in the middle in general -DCT much paler and more columnar than PCT
32
collecting ducts in kidney fuse to form what
large papillary ducts