Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Module 6 Week 1 > Introduction To The Urinary System > Flashcards

Introduction To The Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the structure of the urinary system on diagram

A

On anki

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The urinary system consists of….
Functions of each

A

– Paired Kidneys
• Filter blood plasma and form urine (absorption, secretion and concentration)
• Endocrine function eg erythropoietin hormone responsible for maturation of blood cells in BM

– Paired Ureters
• Act as conduits

– Urinary Bladder
• Storage of urine

– Urethra
• Urine passed to exterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How many litres blood pass through kidneys?
how many of this is filtered by kidneys?
How much urine produced per day?

A

1000-2000
200-300
1-2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the Location of urinary system
-kidneys
-ureters
-bladder
-urethra

A

Kidneys lie ventral to lumbar vertebrae, asymmetrically placed in some animals (L1-3, L2-4 in dogs) and L5 in
feline

• Retroperitoneal (sit outwith peritoneum), often embedded in fat
• Change position with respect to respiration

• Ureters leave renal hilus and penetrate the neck of the bladder just cranial to the
pelvic inlet
• Bladder is anchored in the pelvic inlet
• Urethra – associated with reproductive
• tracts hence called the urogenital system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe mobility of left kidney compared to right -what about in feline?

A

Right kidney more mobile
-bot relatively mobile in feline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Urogenital System: The relationship between the female reproductive organs and the urinary organs Bitch and Dog
-describe placement of each structure on diagram

A

On anki*

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe the right kidney topography in the bitch
-dorsal surface of kidney
-cranial pole
-medial surface
-lateral
-ventral surface

DIAGRAM ON ANKI*

A

Dorsal surface: L1-L3
Cranial pole: adrenal gland; liver (fossa)
Caudal pole: ovary
Medial surface: Cd Vena cava,
Lateral: last Rib (kidney partially tucked under the rib)
Ventral surface: Desc. Duodenum, R. Lobe Pancreas, Asc. colon, Ceacum,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the topographical relationships on the eft kidney in the male dog
-dorsal surface
-cranial pole
-medial surface
-lateral
-ventral surface

DIAGRAM ON ANKI*

A

Dorsal surface: L2-L4(5)
Cranial pole: adrenal gland; spleen
Medial surface: Aorta
Lateral: abdominal wall
Ventral surface: Descending colon, SI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Clinical Definitions relating to the Urinary System
-azotaemia

A

increase in nitrogenous waste in the blood (urea and creatinine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Uraemia

A

clinical syndrome resulting from severe loss of kidney function
Eg vomiting, anorexia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Anuria

A

complete lack of urine production (clinical emergency!)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Polyruria

A

abnormally large volume of urine production (/day)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Haematuria

A

presence of blood in the urine (can be gross or microscopic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Pigmenturia

A

presence of pigment in the urine (other than blood, i.e. haemoglobin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Proteinuria

A

presence of an abnormal amount of protein in the urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Pollakiuria
Dysuria
Stranguria
(These could come up together)

A

-abnormally frequent passage of small volumes of urine
-difficult and/or painful passage of urine
– slow and painful passage of urine

17
Q

Urinary incontinence

A

uncontrolled urination (difficult to distinguish between polyuria)

18
Q

uncontrolled urination

A

urination in inappropriate locations

19
Q

Signs animal has chronic kidney/ Renal disease-i.e presentations of renal disease

A

Polyuria/polydispasia
Inappetence
Weight loss

Ascites/subcutaneous oedema
-Protein losing nephropathy (PLN) (nephrotic syndrome)
Haematuria
-Urolithiasis (stones), tumours, trauma
Pain
-Pyelonephritis (kidney infection)
Abdominal mass
- Tumours

20
Q

Presentation of lower urinary tract disease

A

Dysuria/ pollakiuria/ stranguria
-Bacterial cystitis, Feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC)

Haematuria
-Cystitis, tumours

Urinary retention
-Urolithiasis (stones) causing blocking of passage of urine, tumours causing compression of urine tract

Urinary incontinence
- Urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence (USMI), ectopic ureters

21
Q

Diagnostic Tests for Investigating Urinary Disease
-blood tests

A
  • Urea, creatinine, PCV,TS, albumin,
    electrolytes, cholesterol - SDMA
22
Q

Diagnostic Tests for Investigating Urinary Disease
-urine tests (easiest)

A
  • Urine dipstick – biochemistry (survey test to see what might be abnormal in urine)
  • Urine specific gravity (USG)
  • Urine sediment analysis (looking for presence of any RBCs/WBCs/Bacteria for inflammation)
  • Culture & sensitivity (presence of infection)
23
Q

Diagnostic Tests for Investigating Urinary Disease
-diagnostic imaging

A

plain and contrast-enhanced radiographs -looking for presence of any e.g stones, ultrasound, cystoscopy

24
Q

Methods for collecting a urine sample and features of each

A

•
Free flow / free catch sample
– Normal micturition/manual expression
– Non-invasive but time-consuming, sample contaminated
(Make sue to tell owner to use a clean dish)

• Urethral catheterisation
- Difficult in females, may require sedation, can introduce
infection, sample may be contaminated

• Cystocentesis
- “Blind” or ultrasound-guided
- Adequate restraint needed, more invasive - Bacterial contamination less likely

25
Q

Pros and cons of free flow sample collecting of urine

A

Pros; way to collet without any intervention
Cons; not very good for checking for any infection, a dirty tub could give wrong results,could be difficult f owner to collect

26
Q

Pros and cons of cystocentesis collecting urine sample method

A

Pro; cleanest way of collecting
Con; most invasive

27
Q

Urine concentration: Vets are interested in…

A

concentration of urine relative to plasma

28
Q

2 types of measure of solute conc

A

Osmolarity
– i.e. number of particles in a solution
– Expensive equipment required for measurement

Specific gravity is used instead
– increases with the size & number of particles in the solution

29
Q

What is the specific gravity of plasma?

A

1.008 to 1.012

30
Q

Specific gravity of each type of urine
(High conc, medium and low concentration urine)

A

➢ Hyposthenuria: 1.000 to 1.007
➢ Isosthenuria: 1.008 to 1.012
➢ Hypersthenuria: 1.013 to 1.055

31
Q

Are any urine concentration (i.e high or low) normal or usually means abnormal urine?

A

Can be normal, depends on circumstance!

Module 6 Week 1 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions