The Neck

Question 1

what is the neck?

Answer 1

the junction between the head and the thorax

Question 2

what is the superior limit of the neck?

Answer 2

the mandible and base of skull

Question 3

what is the inferior limit of the neck?

Answer 3

the thoracic inlet

Question 4

what divides the neck into anterior and posterior portions?

Answer 4

the sternocleidomastoid

Question 5

what does the sternocleidomastoid attach to?

Answer 5

sternum, clavicle and the mastoid process

Question 6

what is the proximal attachment of the sternocleidomastoid?

Answer 6

mastoid process

Question 7

what is the distal attachment of the sternocleidomastoid?

Answer 7

sternum and clavicle

Question 8

what causes mastoiditis?

Answer 8

oral infections

Question 9

what are the boundaries of the anterior triangle of the neck?

Answer 9

sternocleidomastoid muscles, the midline and the lower border of the mandible

Question 10

why is the neck divided into traingles?

Answer 10

to communicate anatomically and to know where the cancer is

Question 11

what are the boundaries of the posterior triangle of the neck?

Answer 11

sternocleidomastoid, trapezius muscle and middle third of the clavicle

Question 12

what can the anterior contents be divided into?

Answer 12

muscles, skeletal elements and viscera, glands, nerves and vessels

Question 13

what does the hyoid bone do?

Answer 13

provide an anchor for the other muscles

Question 14

where is the thyrohyoid muscle?

Answer 14

from the adams apple to the hyoid bone

Question 15

what does the mylohyoid muscle form?

Answer 15

the floor of the mouth

Question 16

what are the skeletal elements of the anterior triangle?

Answer 16

thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, hyoid bone and trachea

Question 17

what is the largest laryngeal cartilage?

Answer 17

thyroid cartilage

Question 18

where is the cricoid cartilage?

Answer 18

below the thyroid cartilage and just above the trachea

Question 19

what are the muscles of the anterior triangle of the neck?

Answer 19

mylohyoid and infrahyoid muscles

Question 20

what are the glands of the anterior triangle?

Answer 20

thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, submandibular gland

Question 21

what type of gland is the thyroid gland?

Answer 21

endocrine

Question 22

what type of gland is the parathyroid gland?

Answer 22

endocrine

Question 23

what type of gland is the submandibular gland?

Answer 23

exocrine

Question 24

why are the thyroid and parathyroid glands endocrine glands?

Answer 24

they release hormones into the bloodstream

Question 25

what is the thyroid gland enclosed by?

Answer 25

pre-tracheal fascia

Question 26

what is the thyroid gland supplied by?

Answer 26

superior arteries (external carotid artery and inferior thyroid artery)

Question 27

where do the superior arteries stem from?

Answer 27

the subclavian artery

Question 28

where does the thyroid gland develop?

Answer 28

the floor of the mouth

Question 29

how are parathyroid glands arranged?

Answer 29

there are superior and inferior sets within the thyroid gland

Question 30

what does the parathyroid gland do?

Answer 30

produce parathyroid hormone which increases calcium uptake from gut, kidney and bone

Question 31

what happens when calcium levels are shifted up or down?

Answer 31

it means that they cant contract

Question 32

what does calcitonin do and where does it come from?

Answer 32

it is produced by the parathyroid gland and it reduces where calcium increases

Question 33

what nerves are part of the anterior triangle?

Answer 33

vagus, phrenic and hypoglossal

Question 34

what is the function of the vagus nerve in the anterior triangle?

Answer 34

reduces heart rate, supplies all the larynx muscles and if damaged the voice-box becomes paralysed

Question 35

where does the phrenic nerve travel and what does it supply?

Answer 35

through the neck and in front of the hilum to supply the diaphragm

Question 36

what does the hypoglossal nerve do?

Answer 36

supplies most of the tongue and muscles

Question 37

what vertebrae does the phrenic nerve run from?

Answer 37

C3-5

Question 38

what blood vessels are part of the anterior triangle?

Answer 38

common carotid artery and jugular veins

Question 39

what is the deepest vein in the neck?

Answer 39

internal jugular vein

Question 40

what does the internal carotid artery supply?

Answer 40

80% of the brain

Question 41

what does the vertebral artery supply?

Answer 41

20% of the brain

Question 42

what can the posterior triangle be divided up into?

Answer 42

nerves, muscles, vessels and lymph nodes

Question 43

what nerves are part of the posterior triangle?

Answer 43

accessory nerve, parts of the brachial plexus and cutaneous cervical nerves

Question 44

what type of nerve is the accessory nerve?

Answer 44

purely motor

Question 45

what does the accessory nerve supply?

Answer 45

the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius

Question 46

what do lymph nodes do?

Answer 46

filter lymph and offer defence against the spread of infection. They drain extracellular fluid from around the body

Question 47

what direction do all extracellular fluid drain to?

Answer 47

superficial to deep to internal jugular vein/subclavian artery