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Head and Neck Anatomy BDS1 > Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

name the cranial nerves in the order of 1-12

A

olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulochochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal

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2
Q

what are the 3 main functional components of the cranial nerves?

A

motor to voluntary muscles, motor to involuntary muscles, sensory

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3
Q

where are the branchial motor nerve transmissions from?

A

pharyngeal arches

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4
Q

where are the somatic motor nerve transmissions from?

A

NOT the pharyngeal arches

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5
Q

name 2 involuntary muscles that the cranial nerves innervate

A

sphincter pupillae and lacrimal glands

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6
Q

where are the sensory transmissions of the cranial nerves from?

A

from viscera e.g. lungs and bronchi, general sensation, special senses

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7
Q

what is the function of the olfactory nerve?

A

smell

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8
Q

what is olfactory epithelium?

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar

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9
Q

where does smell come from?

A

nasal mucosa of each nasal cavity, nasal septum and superior conchae

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10
Q

what are superior conchae?

A

folds inside the nose

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11
Q

what is anosmia?

A

the loss of the sense of smell e.g. with a cold

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12
Q

what is regenerating epithelium?

A

epithelium that can regenerate

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13
Q

what is the only nerve with regenerating epithelium?

A

olfactory nerve

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14
Q

in a clinical environment how is the olfactory nerve tested?

A

see if the patient can smell toothpaste

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15
Q

what is the function of the optic nerve?

A

vision

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16
Q

where are the nerve cell bodies of the optic nerve?

A

the retina

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17
Q

where does the optic nerve come from?

A

orbital canal (optic chasm) and the left nerve joins the right

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18
Q

what part of the eye does vision come from?

A

retina

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19
Q

what fatty tissue surrounds and supports the optic nerve?

A

myelin

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20
Q

what happens to the optic nerve during multiple sclerosis?

A

it demyelinates causing altered vision

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21
Q

how is the optic nerve tested?

A

get the patient to read

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22
Q

what does the oculomotor nerve supply?

A

the muscle outside the eyeball to move it up and down and side to side

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23
Q

what does the superior rectus do?

A

moves eye up

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24
Q

what does the medial rectus do?

A

moves eye inwards towards the nose

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25
Q

what does the inferior oblique do?

A

turns eye upwards and outwards

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26
Q

what does the levator palpebrae superioris do?

A

holds the upper eyelid up a bit more

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27
Q

what is the nerve supply to the sphincter papillae and the ciliary muscle?

A

parasympathetic

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28
Q

what does the sphincter papillae do?

A

causes pupil to constrict to protect eye during bright lights

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29
Q

what does the ciliary muscle do?

A

it is responsible for accommodation and it focuses on what you’re looking at

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30
Q

where does the visceral motor nerve supply of the oculomotor nerve go via?

A

the ciliary ganglion

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31
Q

if there is increased pressure inside the skull what happens to the oculomotor nerve?

A

it stretches the nerve and any damage to this nerve means a dilated pupil

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32
Q

what does the trochlear nerve supply?

A

one eye muscle (superior oblique)

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33
Q

where are the trochlear nerve cell bodies located?

A

in the midbrain

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34
Q

what does the superior oblique do?

A

turns the eye downwards and outwards

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35
Q

what happens if the trochlear nerve is paralysed?

A

the patients cant look down

36
Q

what is dipoplia?

A

double/blurred vision when looking down

37
Q

what are the three branches of the trigeminal nerve?

A

ophthalmic (V1), maxillary (V2), mandibular (V3)

38
Q

what is the function of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve?

A

general sensory from corner, skin of forehead, scalp, eyelids, nose, mucosa of nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses

39
Q

what area does the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve cover?

A

over forehead to tip of nose

40
Q

what is the function of the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve?

A

general sensory from face over maxilla, upper lip, maxillary teeth and maxillary sinuses

41
Q

what nerve supplies the maxillary teeth?

A

the superior alveolar nerve from the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve

42
Q

what area does the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve cover?

A

over front of face

43
Q

how is the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve tested?

A

by touching parts randomly with the patients eyes closed

44
Q

what is the function of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve?

A

general sensory (NOT TASTE) of the mandible, mandibular teeth, mucosa of mouth and the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

45
Q

what nerve supplies the mandibular teeth?

A

the inferior alveolar nerve of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve

46
Q

where does the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve come from?

A

it comes out at the front of the chin as the mental nerve

47
Q

how do you test the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve?

A

test the symmetry of the left and right temporalis

48
Q

what is the nerve supply of the abducens nerve?

A

somatic motor

49
Q

where does the abducens nerve come from?

A

the pons

50
Q

what does the abducens nerve supply?

A

lateral rectus

51
Q

what does the lateral rectus do?

A

moves eye outwards and away from the nose

52
Q

what does LR6 SO4 mean?

A

lateral rectus supplied by 6, superior oblique supplied by 4, everything else supplied by 3

53
Q

what nerves supply the muscles of the eye?

A

oculomotor, trochlear and abducens

54
Q

how is the abducens nerve tested?

A

by following a finger in an H shaped pattern

55
Q

what are the 3 functions of the facial nerve?

A

branchial motor, special sensory, visceral motor

56
Q

clinically, what is the most important function of the facial nerve?

A

branchial motor

57
Q

what does the branchial motor supply of the facial nerve supply?

A

muscles of facial expression, scalp and stapedius

58
Q

what is hyperacusis?

A

when sounds are louder on one side than the other

59
Q

what is the special sensory supply of the facial nerve to?

A

taste to anterior 2/3 of the tongue and palate

60
Q

what is the visceral motor supply of the facial nerve?

A

parasympathetic to submandibular and sublingual, also supplies salivary glands, lacrimal gland and glands of nose and palate

61
Q

what facial structure does the facial nerve pass through?

A

the parotid gland but it does not supply it

62
Q

what is the function of the vestibulocochlear nerve?

A

hearing

63
Q

what is an internal acoustic neuroma?

A

benign conditions, tumour growing on CN VIII, risks such as hearing and balance affected on that side if the nerve is taken out, tumours grow 1-5mm per year so presentation of the tumour can be late on

64
Q

how do we test the vestibulocochlear nerve?

A

it requires advanced testing

65
Q

what are all the functions of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

somatic motor, visceral motor, visceral sensory, somatic sensory, special sensory

66
Q

what is the somatic motor supply of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

motor to stylopharyngeus - helps to raise the pharynx

67
Q

what is the visceral motor supply of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

parasympathetic to parotid gland to secrete sliva

68
Q

what nerve supplies the parotid gland?

A

glossopharyngeal

69
Q

what is the visceral sensory supply of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

parotid gland, pharynx and middle ear

70
Q

what is the special sensory supply of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

taste to posterior third of the tongue

71
Q

what is the somatic sensory supply of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

external ear

72
Q

what is the overall function of the vagus nerve?

A

rest and digest - raise gut motility and heart rate

73
Q

what nerve controls swallowing?

A

vagus

74
Q

what are the functions of the vagus nerve?

A

somatic motor, visceral motor, visceral sensory, special sensory and general sensory

75
Q

what is the somatic motor supply of the vagus nerve to?

A

muscles of the pharynx, larynx, palate and upper third of the oesophagus

76
Q

what is the visceral motor supply of the vagus nerve to?

A

parasympathetic to trachea, bronchi, GI tract and heart

77
Q

what is the visceral sensory supply of the vagus nerve to?

A

tongue, larynx, respiratory tract, heart, upper GI tract to left colic flexure

78
Q

what is the special sensory supply of the vagus nerve to?

A

epiglottis and palate (taste fibres)

79
Q

what is the general sensory supply of the vagus nerve to?

A

auricle, external auditory meatus

80
Q

how can the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerve be tested?

A

by saying ahhhh

81
Q

what is the nerve supply of the accessory nerve?

A

somatic motor

82
Q

what does the accessory nerve supply?

A

sternocleidomastoid and trapezius

83
Q

how is the accessory nerve tested?

A

by raising shoulders and stopping the examiner pushing downwards

84
Q

what is the nerve supply of the hypoglossal nerve?

A

somatic motor

85
Q

what does the hypoglossal nerve supply?

A

the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue (except palatoglossus)

86
Q

how is the hypoglossal nerve tested?

A

by sticking the tongue out

Head and Neck Anatomy BDS1 (5 decks)

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