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#Russia > #The nature of government > Flashcards

#The nature of government Flashcards

1
Q

what were the attitudes of the tsars to political change

A

maintain autocracy

to introduce elements of a liberal democracy (especially Alexander 2nd and Nicholas 2nd

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2
Q

what were the attitudes of the PG to political change

A

base it on liberal principles

move towards constituent assembly

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3
Q

atttudes to political change from the communist leaders

A 
overthrow PG (Lenin)
consolidate communism (L+S)
centralise authority (Stalin)
move away from that authority (Khrushchev)
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4
Q

what was a big change in government structure under Alexander 2nd

A

creation of Zemstva 1964- developed for local issues like education and healthcare
could be dismissed by tsar

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5
Q

what was the big political change under Nicholas the 2nd

A

Creation of national parliament- October 1905
October manifesto proclaims national parliament
1906- fundamental laws remind of autocracy

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6
Q

how was the formation of the provisional government big political change

A

Liberal minded PG assume control. Prepare Russia for national elections.

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7
Q

how did Lenin change the political system

A

creates soviet government sovnarkom.

as time develops the head of communist party (Politburo) becomes government

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8
Q

How does Khrushchev introduce political change

A

decentralises power
sovnarkozy- democratise the Communist parties
Comrade Courts

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9
Q

What were the methods of repression used by leaders

A

Secret Police
Army
Propaganda/ Censorship
Legal System

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10
Q

What was the secret police of Alexander 2nd

A

Third section, used in 60s/70s to root opposition, replaced in 1880 which had less power.

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11
Q

how was the army used under Alexander the 2nd

A

reformed after the Crimean war

used to stop the Polish revolt in 1863

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12
Q

what were A2s censorship policies

A

glasnost. opens press for period in 1860s.
1855- 1020 books published 1865- 1836 books published
tightens again after links to radicalisation

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13
Q

what were Alexander 2nds judical reforms

A

made changes to legal system like right to a jury as well as a pay increase for judges to tackle corruption
1870s- closed courts returns as well as show trials

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14
Q

why did Alexander the 3rd repeal many of his fathers reforms

A

His father relaxed autocracy, which led to increased opposition eg from people’s will who assassinated him

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15
Q

what methods did Alexander 3 use to become more repressive

A

Okhrana- granted increased powers by statue of state security
strong clampdown on freedoms, newspapers shut down - 1894- 89 newspapers
Alexanders manifesto reasserts autocracy
SoSS- wide use of death penalty and exile

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16
Q

Which method did Nicholas use to control his people

A

Army
used to deal with demonstrations which resulted in massacres- 1905 bloody Sunday 1912 lena goldfields
loyalty in 1905 kept his power but this was lost after WW1 in 1917.

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17
Q

how were the secret police used under Lenin

A

Establishment of Cheka. Used to enforce communist rule. Responsible for rooting out opponents. most prolific during 1918 during the red terror. Replaced by GPU in 1922.

18
Q

how did Lenin use the army

A

Trotsky led the red army used to consolidate Communist rule during CW. Suffered themselves through ruthless leadership, Kronstadt sailors 1921

19
Q

how did Lenin use propaganda

A

expanded. communist slogans and newspapers had been effective in 1917 in growing support. cult of personality grew after 1918 and assassination attempt

20
Q

how did Lenin use the legal system

A

show trials of members of other political parties common in October Revolution.

21
Q

how did Stalin use the secret police

A

NKVD become permanent force of fear. responsible for the Bolshevik leader purges . Organised Gulag. organisation themselves often purges

22
Q

how did Stalin use the red army

A

enforced his policies. grain requisitioning during collectivisation.RA purged between 36-38. deserting soldiers purged following ww2.

23
Q

how did stalin use propaganda

A

full blown cult of personality. based around satlin after WW2.
Stakhanovite movement used to push workers during 5 year plans.

24
Q

how did stalin use the legal system

A

great show trials of 1930s.

former bolsheviks killed like kamenev, zinoviev and bukharin

25
Q

How did Khrushchev reduce repression

A

KGB role reduced due to destalinisation
army focused more on international issues like cuban missile crisis and hungarian rising
reduced censorship and removal of cult of personality.

26
Q

who were the opposition groups under Alexander the 2nd

A

1860s- Nilhists- writers eg chernyshevksy what is to be done
1870s- populists pytor lavrov,
1879- People’s will -

27
Q

who were the opposition under Alexander 3rd

A

late 1880s- reformed people’s will - alexander ulyanov

28
Q

who were the opposition to Nicholas 2nd

A

Liberal intelligentsia- zemstva
radical opposition= SDs, SRs, Bolshevik and Mensheviks
1915= 4th Duma more oppositional- progressive bloc

29
Q

who were the opposition to Lenin

A

Political parties in october 1917- SRs, Mensheviks, Kadets
1918-21- civil war enemies
1921- Kronstadt sailors
1921-anti NEP factions in communist party

30
Q

who were the opposition to Stalin

A

1924-28= rivals to leadership - Kamenev, Zinoviev, Trotsky and Bukharin
1934+ perceived threats from inside party

31
Q

who were the opposition to Khrushchev

A

1953+ opposition within part- Beria, Malenkov, Bulganin

1964= Removed from power by Politburo

32
Q

how did Alexander 2nd actions impact opposition

A

discontent after Crimean war.
Wide reforms appease Russian peole
1860s education reform increases radicalisation
1862- st petersberg fires
1866- first assassintion attempt
mid 1860s- tightens censroship- populism fails
1870s- show trials fail eg vera zasulich 1878
1879- campaigns to assassinate tsar
reform to appease radicals
1881- assassination

33
Q

how did Alexander the 3rd actions impact opposition

A

1881- assassinates all involoved in his fathers assassination. wide ranging powers given to okhrana
oppostion forces go under ground due to secret police
russifcation policy- leads to radicalisation of Jewish students
1887- arrest and execution of people’s will members. includes Lenin’s brother
1891- liberal intelligentsia radicalised during famine of 1891

34
Q

how did Nicholas 2nd polices impact with opposition

A

1895- liberals call for parliament- “senseless dream”
urbanisation leads to more opposition groups such as SRs (1901) and SDs (1898)
high scrutiny of okhrana
1905 revolution opposition creates parliament
Tsar appeases with october manifesto but then has fundamental laws
1906+ Stolypin is used to repress “stolypin’s neckties’
1906-17 allowed to participate in duma but limited.
WW1= more opposition as tsar looses support.

35
Q

How was opposition affected by Lenin’s policies

A

Nov 1917- fails election
january 1918- the assembly is closed down by army
SRs and Mensheviks disapprove of October revolution
1918- onset of civil war cheka kill opposition.( white army)
1921- communists win
1921- Kronstadt sailors rebell as they remove support for lenin.
1921- one party state and the ban on factions

36
Q

How did Stalin affect opposition

A

1924-1928= leadership struggle stalin outmaneouvers other party members
1927=Trotsky, Kamenev and Zinvoiev all expelled for factionalism
1934= signs of discontent at leadership, Kirov suggested as leader
1934- Kirov murdered, stalin uses it to tighten control, show trails of former opposition
1934+ no opposition

37
Q

How did Khrushchev impact opposition

A

1953-58+uses political skills to become leader including destalinisation
reduction of totalitarianism and terror
reduction in authority leads to more open criticism
1964- Politburo remove him from power.

38
Q

what extent was peasant opposition under Alexander the 2nd

A

1870s= peasants reported populists to the police showing loyalty
Peasant rebellion at the end of the Crimean war

39
Q

what extent was there peasant opposition under Nicholas the 2nd

A

1903-4 red cockerel arsons in the countryside
1905 revolution had significant peasant participation (all russian union of peasants)
WW1- peasant conscripted soldiers deserted front lines ( also occured under PG era )

40
Q

what was the extent of peasant oppositon under Lenin

A

Peasant rebellions were common under war communism- Lenin’s Cheka used.
Peasants fromed armies against Lenin in CW ‘ the greens’

41
Q

what was the extent of peasant opposition under Stalin

A

1927- many refuse to partake in voluntary collectivisation, made compulsory in 1929 which led to peasants not producing grain, man made famine

42
Q

what was the extent of peasant opposition under Khrushchev

A

poor living conditions associated with VLC. small rural unrest but 1963 did lead to rebellion.

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