#The impact on economy and society

Question 1

what was the impact of the crimean war

Answer 1

54 million roubles of debt
serfdom was viewed as ‘ brake on economic progress
believed ending serfdom would help industrialisation

Question 2

what was the positive and negative impact of emancipation 1861

Answer 2

creation of kulaks

50% of peasants practicing subsistence farming

Question 3

what were the economic reforms of von Reuteurn

Answer 3

some development of railways
heavy indirect taxation 66% of government income
1/3 of government income went to debt

Question 4

what were the main ways the economy was impacted under alexander the 2nd 1855-81

Answer 4

the crimean war and its effects
emancipation
von reuterns work

Question 5

who were the finance ministers under alexander the 3rd

Answer 5

Ivan Vshnegradsky 1887-92

Sergei Witte 1892-1904

Question 6

when was the peasant landbank set up

Answer 6

1883

Question 7

what were the positives of vshnegradksy

Answer 7

1891 tarrif act- raised import tax by 33%
increased grain exportation by 18%
budget surplus 1892
trans siberian railway started 1892

Question 8

what were the negatives of vshnegradsky

Answer 8

1891-92 famine results in 350,000 deaths

high indirect taxation

Question 9

when was sergei witte finance minister

Answer 9

1892-1904

Question 10

how did Witte positively effect the economy

Answer 10

‘great spurt’
1897- gold standard
1900- 911 million roubles in investment
expanded railways 52,000 km in 1901
no of factory workers doubled to 2.6 million by 1908
1890s highest growth rate but agriculture neglected

Question 11

when was Stolypin primeminister

Answer 11

1906-11

Question 12

how did stolypin improve the economy

Answer 12

agriculture reform- expansion of kulak class, increased peasant land bank, increased ownership of land
6.5 million move to siberia
spoke of needing 20 years of stability

Question 13

how did world war 1 impact the economy

Answer 13

300% increase in inflation
running down of non-essential industry
food shortages in urban areas

Question 14

what were the three main ways in which the economy was impacted under nicholas 2nd

Answer 14

Sergei Witte 1892-1904
Pytor Stolypin- 1906-1911
WW1- 1914-17

Question 15

how did the provisional impact the economy

Answer 15

continued process of WW1 with high inflation

loss of 100,000 jobs

Question 16

what were Lenins two economic policies

Answer 16

War Communism 1917-21

NEP new economic policy 1921-24

Question 17

what were the main features of War communism

Answer 17

dedicated resources to reds during civil war
decree on nationalisation, banning private trade, grain requisitioning, end of money based economy
famine in 1921

Question 18

what were the features of the NEP

Answer 18

reintroduced capitalism- businesses reopened
money reintroduced
1920-23 industrial production grows 200% pre war levels
NEP men start to appear
Scissors crisis

Question 19

what were the main economic policies deployed by stalin

Answer 19

1928-53 collectivisation

1928-53- series of fiver year plans

Question 20

what were the positives of collectivisation

Answer 20

99% of land collectivised by 1939.
grain production rose to 100 million tonnes 1937
17 million peasants move to cities

Question 21

what were the negatives of collectivisation

Answer 21

1931-32 famine in Ukraine killing 5 million

Question 22

what were the features of the five year plans

Answer 22

forming a command economy, focused on heavy industry and maintaining high targets

Question 23

what are the strengths/weaknesses of the first 5 year plan

Answer 23

1928-32
high targets not always met, managers lied about production, 
oil met its target
bottlenecks in production 
magnitorosk built

Question 24

what were the strengths/ weaknesses of the second 5 year plan 32-38

Answer 24

consolidated more realisitic targets
1934-36 three good years
rapid expansion of new industry such as consumer goods, chemicals
oil production slow

Question 25

what was the focus of the third 5 year plan 1938-41

Answer 25

armaments was main priority

Question 26

why did oil production struggle in the third 5 year plan

Answer 26

1938 oil crisis

Question 27

what was the impact of ww2 to the Russian economy

Answer 27

scorched earth policy 1942 1/3 of industry controlled by Germans falling production due to dislocation of factories

Question 28

what were the main economic policies under khrushchev

Answer 28

virgin land campaign 1954-64 | five year plans 6/7/8

Question 29

what were the key features of the virgin land campaign

Answer 29

focused on moving to uncultivated lands and farming them

Question 30

what were the strengths and weaknesses of the VLC

Answer 30

1950- 96 million acres for wheat, increases to 165 million acres by 1964. this was questionable quality though 300,000 rural workers migrated, however, these tendeed to be orphans and criminals 1963- bad harvest led to grain production dropping from 140 million tonnes to 107 million tonnes

Question 31

what were the features of the 5 year plans under khrushchev

Answer 31

shift from industry and more to consumer goods and hydroelectricity slow in comparison to the US high targets such as 7th plan

Question 32

what were some tsarist laws regarding working conditions

Answer 32

1885- prohibited night time employment of women and children 1886-decreed that workers employed through factories needed contract 1892- under 12 banned 1897- hours reduced to 11hr a day 1912- health insurance

Question 33

what were the various working hours by year

Answer 33

1896- 11 hr day six day week 1914-9-10 hr day but holidays introduced 1918- PG 8 hr day 1932- 10-12 hr day needed for 5 yr plan 1940- 8 hr day but holidays banned due to war 1958- 7 hr less oppressive after stalin

Question 34

how many lived in cities in late 19th century

Answer 34

15% of russian population 1.25 million st petersburg 1 million Moscow

Question 35

what were the conditions of towns and cities in 1914

Answer 35

1000 towns containing two million buildings over 50% of housing was wood prone to fire damage 74 towns had electricity 200 towns had water 38 sewerage system

Question 36

how many died of cholera in st petersberg 1910

Answer 36

100,000 deaths

Question 37

when was the decree on land 1917

Answer 37

getting rid of private ownership of houses

Question 38

what were conditions under stalin

Answer 38

overcrowding in 1930s, for example different families forced to share house in moscow

Question 39

how many Russians were made homeless due to ww2

Answer 39

25 million Russians

Question 40

how were workers disciplined under the tsars

Answer 40

by not allowing trade unions or soviets

Question 41

what was the pattern in wages

Answer 41

women always paid less then men even for same job poor wages made up for through bonuses eg stakhanovite movement wages fall 50% under stalin. wages reach early 1920 levels at 1954 workers paid more for producing more