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#Russia > #The impact on economy and society > Flashcards

#The impact on economy and society Flashcards

1
Q

what was the impact of the crimean war

A

54 million roubles of debt
serfdom was viewed as ‘ brake on economic progress
believed ending serfdom would help industrialisation

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2
Q

what was the positive and negative impact of emancipation 1861

A

creation of kulaks

50% of peasants practicing subsistence farming

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3
Q

what were the economic reforms of von Reuteurn

A

some development of railways
heavy indirect taxation 66% of government income
1/3 of government income went to debt

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4
Q

what were the main ways the economy was impacted under alexander the 2nd 1855-81

A

the crimean war and its effects
emancipation
von reuterns work

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5
Q

who were the finance ministers under alexander the 3rd

A

Ivan Vshnegradsky 1887-92

Sergei Witte 1892-1904

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6
Q

when was the peasant landbank set up

A

1883

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7
Q

what were the positives of vshnegradksy

A

1891 tarrif act- raised import tax by 33%
increased grain exportation by 18%
budget surplus 1892
trans siberian railway started 1892

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8
Q

what were the negatives of vshnegradsky

A

1891-92 famine results in 350,000 deaths

high indirect taxation

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9
Q

when was sergei witte finance minister

A

1892-1904

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10
Q

how did Witte positively effect the economy

A

‘great spurt’
1897- gold standard
1900- 911 million roubles in investment
expanded railways 52,000 km in 1901
no of factory workers doubled to 2.6 million by 1908
1890s highest growth rate but agriculture neglected

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11
Q

when was Stolypin primeminister

A

1906-11

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12
Q

how did stolypin improve the economy

A

agriculture reform- expansion of kulak class, increased peasant land bank, increased ownership of land
6.5 million move to siberia
spoke of needing 20 years of stability

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13
Q

how did world war 1 impact the economy

A

300% increase in inflation
running down of non-essential industry
food shortages in urban areas

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14
Q

what were the three main ways in which the economy was impacted under nicholas 2nd

A

Sergei Witte 1892-1904
Pytor Stolypin- 1906-1911
WW1- 1914-17

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15
Q

how did the provisional impact the economy

A

continued process of WW1 with high inflation

loss of 100,000 jobs

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16
Q

what were Lenins two economic policies

A

War Communism 1917-21

NEP new economic policy 1921-24

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17
Q

what were the main features of War communism

A

dedicated resources to reds during civil war
decree on nationalisation, banning private trade, grain requisitioning, end of money based economy
famine in 1921

18
Q

what were the features of the NEP

A

reintroduced capitalism- businesses reopened
money reintroduced
1920-23 industrial production grows 200% pre war levels
NEP men start to appear
Scissors crisis

19
Q

what were the main economic policies deployed by stalin

A

1928-53 collectivisation

1928-53- series of fiver year plans

20
Q

what were the positives of collectivisation

A

99% of land collectivised by 1939.
grain production rose to 100 million tonnes 1937
17 million peasants move to cities

21
Q

what were the negatives of collectivisation

A

1931-32 famine in Ukraine killing 5 million

22
Q

what were the features of the five year plans

A

forming a command economy, focused on heavy industry and maintaining high targets

23
Q

what are the strengths/weaknesses of the first 5 year plan

A 
1928-32
high targets not always met, managers lied about production, 
oil met its target
bottlenecks in production 
magnitorosk built
24
Q

what were the strengths/ weaknesses of the second 5 year plan 32-38

A

consolidated more realisitic targets
1934-36 three good years
rapid expansion of new industry such as consumer goods, chemicals
oil production slow

25
Q

what was the focus of the third 5 year plan 1938-41

A

armaments was main priority

26
Q

why did oil production struggle in the third 5 year plan

A

1938 oil crisis

27
Q

what was the impact of ww2 to the Russian economy

A

scorched earth policy
1942 1/3 of industry controlled by Germans
falling production due to dislocation of factories

28
Q

what were the main economic policies under khrushchev

A

virgin land campaign 1954-64

five year plans 6/7/8

29
Q

what were the key features of the virgin land campaign

A

focused on moving to uncultivated lands and farming them

30
Q

what were the strengths and weaknesses of the VLC

A

1950- 96 million acres for wheat, increases to 165 million acres by 1964. this was questionable quality though
300,000 rural workers migrated, however, these tendeed to be orphans and criminals
1963- bad harvest led to grain production dropping from 140 million tonnes to 107 million tonnes

31
Q

what were the features of the 5 year plans under khrushchev

A

shift from industry and more to consumer goods and hydroelectricity
slow in comparison to the US
high targets such as 7th plan

32
Q

what were some tsarist laws regarding working conditions

A

1885- prohibited night time employment of women and children
1886-decreed that workers employed through factories needed contract
1892- under 12 banned
1897- hours reduced to 11hr a day
1912- health insurance

33
Q

what were the various working hours by year

A

1896- 11 hr day six day week
1914-9-10 hr day but holidays introduced
1918- PG 8 hr day
1932- 10-12 hr day needed for 5 yr plan
1940- 8 hr day but holidays banned due to war
1958- 7 hr less oppressive after stalin

34
Q

how many lived in cities in late 19th century

A

15% of russian population
1.25 million st petersburg
1 million Moscow

35
Q

what were the conditions of towns and cities in 1914

A

1000 towns containing two million buildings
over 50% of housing was wood prone to fire damage
74 towns had electricity
200 towns had water
38 sewerage system

36
Q

how many died of cholera in st petersberg 1910

A

100,000 deaths

37
Q

when was the decree on land 1917

A

getting rid of private ownership of houses

38
Q

what were conditions under stalin

A

overcrowding in 1930s, for example different families forced to share house in moscow

39
Q

how many Russians were made homeless due to ww2

A

25 million Russians

40
Q

how were workers disciplined under the tsars

A

by not allowing trade unions or soviets

41
Q

what was the pattern in wages

A

women always paid less then men even for same job
poor wages made up for through bonuses eg stakhanovite movement
wages fall 50% under stalin.
wages reach early 1920 levels at 1954
workers paid more for producing more

#Russia (5 decks)

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