The Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
1
Q
What are the functions of the skeleton?
A
- Protect internal organs
- Store and release fat
- Produce RBC
- Store and release minerals
- Light enough for movement
- Hard enough for support
2
Q
Describe the organization of bones
A
- Osteocytes: mature bone cells
- Osteoblasts: immature bone cells, release matrix components, form osteoctyes
- Osteoclasts: dissolve bone matrix, release minerals
3
Q
What are the types of tissues associated with the musculoskeletal system?
A
-
Ligaments
- Connect bone to bone
- Supports and limits movement
-
Tendons
- Fibrous
- Attach muscle to bone.
-
Cartilage
- Gel-like padding
- Between bones
- Protects joints and facilitates movement
4
Q
Describe the composition of bone matrix
A
-
2/3 Hydroxyapatite crystals
- Mainly calcium phosphate
- Strong but inflexible
-
1/3 Collagen fibers
- Tough and flexible
5
Q
What is the histological organization of bone?
A
- Osteon: Functional unit of bone
- Lacunae: Small chambers occupied by osteocytes
- Canaliculi: Small channels connecting lacunae for nutrient and waste exchange
6
Q
What are the two forms of bone based on structure?
A
-
Compact
- Dense and solid
- Outer layer of all bones
-
Spongy
- Light and less dense
- Trabeculae (irregularly-aligned osteons)
- Irregular cavities with red bone marrow
7
Q
What is Periosteum?
A
- Fibrous tissue
- Surrounds outer surface of the bone
- Inner layer is osteogenic → differentiates into
osteoblasts - Has capillaries and nerves
8
Q
What are the two types of bone marrow?
A
- Found in the center of most spongy bones
-
Red bone marrow
- Hematopoietic stem cells
- Differentiate into RBC, WBC, platelets
- Present in all bones before 5 yrs old
- Transform into yellow bone marrow
- Found in central skeleton and ends of long bones
-
Yellow bone marrow
- Found in cavities of long bones
- Has adipose tissues and mesenchymal stem cells
- Develop into cartilage, bone, fat, muscle cells
9
Q
What are the seven types of bones?
A
-
Long Bones
- Tubular
- Levers for muscles
- Eg. Femur, humerus
-
Short Bones
- Cubical
- Support and stability with little movement
- Eg Carpals, tarsals
-
Flat Bones
- Flat surface
- Muscular attachment or protection to underlying soft tissues
- Eg Skull bones, sternum, ribs
-
Sesamoid Bones
- Small, seed-like
- Develop inside tendons
- Eg Patella
-
Irregular Bones
- Irregular or mixed shape
- Eg Vertebrae, certain facial bones
-
Pneumatic Bones
- Cancellous tissues with air sinus
- Eg Certain skull bones (frontal sinus)
-
Sutural Bones
- Small, flat, irregular shape
- Between the flat bones of the skull
10
Q
Bony landmarks
A
11
Q
What are joints?
A
- Articulations where two or more bones meet
- Enable movement
12
Q
How are joints classified?
A
-
Functional (mobility)
- Immovable (Synarthrosis)
- Slightly Movable (Amphiarthrosis)
- Freely Movable (Diarthrosis)
-
Structural (tissues connecting bones)
- Fibrous
- Cartilages
- Synovial (fluid-filled cavity)
13
Q
What is bursae?
A
- Sacs filled with synovial fluid
- Cushions around joint
- Reduces friction
14
Q
Describe the nerve and blood supply to synovial joints
A
-
Nerve Supply
- Supply joint, muscles, skin
- Proprioceptive feedback to control posture and movement
-
Blood Supply
- Arteries
- Extend from sides of joint
15
Q
What is a uniaxial joint?
A
- Diarthrosis (freely movable)
- Synovial (fluid-filled cavity)
-
Hinge
- Angular movement
- One direction, one plane
- Eg elbow joint
-
Pivot
- Rotary movement
- In one axis
