The Abdomen and Pelvis

Question 1

Describe the clinical subdivisions (quadrants)

Answer 1

• Two perpendicular lines that intersect at umbilicus
  1. Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
  2. Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
  3. Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
  4. Left lower quadrant (LLQ)

Question 2

Describe the anatomical subdivisions

Answer 2

1. Epigastric region
   
   • Right hypochondriac region
   • Left hypochondriac region
2. Umbilical region
   
   • Right lumbar region
   • Left lumbar region
3. Pubic region
   
   • Right inguinal region
   • Left inguinal region

Question 3

What are the openings of the diaphragm?

Answer 3

• Caval hiatus
  
  • T8
  • Inferior vena cava
  • Right phrenic nerve
• Oesophageal hiatus
  
  • T10
  • Oesophagus
  • Vagus nerves
• Aortic hiatus
  
  • T12
  • Abdominal aorta
  • Azygos vein
  • Thoracic duct

Question 4

Describe the anterior-lateral abdominal wall

Answer 4

• Linea alba
  
  • Tendinous fibrous raphe
  • Runs vertically down midline
• External oblique
• Internal oblique
• **Transversus abdominis

Question 5

What is the peritoneum?

Answer 5

• Serous membrane
• Parietal: Lines inner surfaces of abdominal wall
• Visceral: Covers the surfaces of abdominal wall

Question 6

What is the peritoneum?

Answer 6

• Serous membrane
• Suspends many digestive organs
• Parietal: Lines inner surfaces of abdominal wall
• Visceral: Covers the surfaces of abdominal wall

Question 7

Define intraperitoneal

Answer 7

• Organs located within peritoneal cavity
• Salted Spurs (SALTD SPRSS)
  
  • Stomach
  • Appendix
  • Liver
  • Transverse colon
  • Duodenum
  • Small intestine
  • Pancreas
  • Rectum
  • Spleen
  • Sigmoid colon

Question 8

Define retroperitoneal

Answer 8

• Organs located outside of peritoneal cavity
• Sad Pucker
  
  • Suprerenal glands
  • Aorta/IVC
  • Duodenum
  • Pancreas
  • Ureters
  • Colon
  • Kidneys
  • Esophagus
  • Rectum

Question 9

Describe the functions of peritoneal folds

Answer 9

• Envelope and support abdominal organs
• Pathways for blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves

Question 10

What is the omentum?

Answer 10

• Peritoneal fold
• Extends from stomach to adjacent abdominal organs
• Greater omentum
  
  • Suspends from great curvature of stomach
  • Attaches to transverse colon
  • Loosely covers small intestine
• Lesser omentum
  
  • Joins duodenum (1st) and less curvature of stomach
  • To the liver

Question 11

What is the mesentery?

Answer 11

• Double layer of peritoneum
• Attaches intestines to back abdominal wall
• Mesocolon
  
  • Mesentery of the colon
  • Suspends transverse colon and sigmoid colon

Question 12

What is the falciform ligament?

Answer 12

• Anchors liver
• To anterior abdominal wall
• Separates liver into right and left lobes

Question 13

Describe the gross anatomy of the stomach

Answer 13

• From esophagus
• Cardia
• Fundus
• Body
• Pyloric
• To duodenum

Question 14

Describe the anatomy of the small intestine

Answer 14

• Duodenum
  
  • 1st superior
  • 2nd descending
  • 3rd horizontal
  • 4th ascending
• Jejunum
• Ileum

Question 15

Describe the anatomy of the large intestine