The Muscular System Flashcards
What are the 3 types of muscle fibres?
- Slow twitch: Type 1
- Fast twitch: Type 2a
- Fast twitch: Type 2x
Muscle fibres: force of contraction
Type 1- low
Type 2a- high
Type 2x- very high
Muscle fibres: speed of contraction
Type 1- slow
Type 2a- moderate
Type 2x- fast
Muscle fibres: resistance to fatigue
Type 1- high
Type 2a- moderate
Type 2x- low
Muscle fibres: aerobic or anaerobic
Type 1- aerobic
Type 2a- aerobic and anaerobic
Type 2x- anaerobic
Muscle fibres: endurance
Type 1- high
Type 2a- medium
Type 2x- low
Muscle fibres: myoglobin
Type 1- high
Type 2a- medium
Type 2x- low
Muscle fibres: mitochondria
Type 1- high
Type 2a- medium
Type 2x- low
Type 1 muscle fibre advantages
- Good for running for longer
- High aerobic capacity
- Slow to fatigue
Type 2a muscle fibre advantages
- More resistant to fatigue than type 2x
- More power than type 1
- Good strength and endurance
Type 2x muscle fibre advantages
- Good for short, explosive actions that require power, strength and speed
- Very high anaerobic capacity
Type 1 muscle fibre disadvantages
- Don’t produce much power or speed
- Low anaerobic capacity
Type 2a muscle fibre disadvantages
- Not as powerful as type 2x
- Not as resistant to fatigue as type 1
Type 2x muscle fibre disadvantages
- Very low aerobic capacity
- Very low fatigue resistance
What are voluntary muscles?
- Muscles that we can control
- E.g. skeletal muscles that are attached to the skeleton via tendons
What are involuntary muscles?
- Muscles that are found in places such as blood vessels, stomach and intestines
- The contract slowly and rhythmically
- Contract automatically when required- not under our control
What is the cardiac muscle?
- The muscle that forms the heart
- Unconsciously controlled
How do muscles move?
- Muscles are attached to bones by tendons
- When the muscle contracts, the tendon pulls the bone into action, creating movement
Muscle movement: deltoids
- Abduct the arm at the shoulder
- E.g. bowling in cricket
Muscle movement: pectoralis major
- Adducts the arm at the shoulder
- E.g. follow through from a forehand in tennis
Muscle movement: biceps
- Flexion of the arm at the elbow
- E.g. drawing a bow in archery
Muscle movement: triceps
- Extension of the arm at the elbow
- E.g. preparing to throw the javelin
Muscle movement: latissimus dorsi
- Adducts the upper arm at the shoulders/rotates the humerus
- (Pulls your arms down at the shoulders and behind your back)
- E.g. bringing your arms back to your side after a straight jump
Muscle movement: external obliques
- Rotates the trunk and helps pull chest down
- E.g. turning to throw in javelin
Muscle movement: hip flexors
- Flexion of the leg at the hip
- E.g. drive phase in sprinting
Muscle movement: gluteus maximus
- Extension of the leg at the hip
- E.g. preparing to kick a football
Muscle movement: quadriceps
- Extension of the leg at the knee
- E.g. high kick in karate
Muscle movement: hamstrings
- Flexion of the leg at the knee
- E.g. Trail leg when going over a hurdle
Muscle movement: gastrocnemius
- Plantar flexion at the ankle
- E.g. when kicking a ball in football/rugby
Muscle movement: tibial is anterior
- Dorsi flexion at the ankle
- E.g. follow through after making contact with a football
Muscle movement: trapezius
- Rotation of the head at the neck
- E.g. heading a ball in football
