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Human Physiology Block 1 > The Motor System > Flashcards

The Motor System Flashcards

1
Q

the lower motor neuron is responsible for

A

muscle contraction

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2
Q

lower: where are cells localized?

A

ventral horn of the spinal cord

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3
Q

lower: axons leave through the

A

ventral root

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4
Q

lower: it is the ( ) for all motor outflow

A

final common pathway

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5
Q

lower: uses ( ) at the NMJ

A

ACh

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6
Q

lower or upper lesion: flaccid paralysis

A

lower

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7
Q

lower or upper lesion: HYPOrelfexia and HYPOtonia

A

lower

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8
Q

lower or upper lesion: spontaneous, uncoordinated muscle fiber contraction (fasciculation)

A

lower

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9
Q

lower or upper lesion: muscle atrophy

A

lower

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10
Q

do lower or upper directly innervate muscle?

A

lower only!

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11
Q

upper motor neuron is responsible for:

A

termination and modification of responses and reflexes

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12
Q

upper localized in ( )

A

brain

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13
Q

upper axons located where?

A

descending motor tracts

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14
Q

lower or upper: act by fascilitating or inhibiting activity of lower motor neurons

A

upper

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15
Q

lower or upper lesion: spastic paralysis (muscle rigidity)

A

upper

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16
Q

lower or upper lesion: HYPERreflexia, HYPERtonia

A

upper

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17
Q

lower or upper lesion: no muscle atrophy

A

upper

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18
Q

gray matter is composed of

A

cell bodies

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19
Q

where are motor neurons located in the spinal cord?

A

the ventral horn

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20
Q

what are the 2 types of motor neurons?

A

1) alpha motor neurons

2) gamma motor neurons

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21
Q

motor neuron: innervate normal (extrafusal) muscle fibers

A

aplha motor neurons

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22
Q

motor neuron: synonymous with lower motor in that it innervates muscle

A

alpha motor neurons

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23
Q

a motor unit is defined as

A

an aplha motor neuron plus all the muscle fibers that it innervates

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24
Q

motor neuron: innervated muscle spindle (intrafusal) fibers

A

gamma motor neurons

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25
Q

where are interneurons present?

A

in all areas of the gray matter

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26
Q

integrate info and participate in reflexes

A

interneurons

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27
Q

the awareness of posture and movement

A

proprioception

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28
Q

what sensors are involved in proprioception?

A

muscle spindle organs and golgi tendon organs

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29
Q

muscle spindle organs afferent: the primary nerve fibers ends in ( ) around the nuclear bag cell

A

annulospiral

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30
Q

muscle spindle organ that stimulated by stretch

A

annulospiral

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31
Q

muscle spindle organ afferent: phasic

A

annulospiral

32
Q

muscle spindle organ afferent: tonic

A

flower-spray

33
Q

the secondary nerve fiber ends in ( ) endings on the intrafusal fibers (nuclear chain fibers)

A

flower-spray

34
Q

the bag and intrafusal fibers are all encased in what?

A

connective tissue sheath

35
Q

the entire organ, within the sheath, is surrounded by what?

A

normal extrafusal muscle fibers

36
Q

muscle spindle organ efferent: innervate the extrafusal muscle fibers

A

alpha motor nerve fibers

37
Q

muscle spindle organ efferent: innervate the intrafusal muscle fibers

A

gamma nerve fibers

38
Q

gamma motor neurons contract the intrafusal fibers, thus recovering the ( ) that is lost when the muscle contracts

A

sensitivity

39
Q

knee jerk reflex is an example of what type of reflex? why?

A

negative feedback; stretching the muscle causes the muscle to contract

40
Q

do knee jerk reflexes go through interneurons or are they monosynaptic?

A

monosynaptic

41
Q

monosynaptic knee jerk reflex: muscle spindle sensory neurons synapse directly onto

A

the alpha motor neuron

42
Q

in many reflexes, the sensory neuron that stimulates the motor neuron of a muscl also inhibits the antagonist muscle

A

reciprocal innervation

43
Q

a reflex involving opposing behaviors on either side of the body designed to avoid an upleasant stimulus while maintaining balance

A

crossed extensor reflex

44
Q

relaxation of extensor and contraction of flexors; contraction of extensors, relations of flexors

A

double reciprocal innervation/crossed extensor reflex

45
Q

glolge tendon organ is located where?

A

tendons

46
Q

is golgi tendon monosynaptic or disynaptic?

A

disynaptic

47
Q

the ( ) is stimulated when the muscle is stretched

A

spindle

48
Q

the ( ) is stimulated when the muscle is contracted

A

golgi

49
Q

frontal love contains what

A

the motor cortex, premotor cortex, and areas involved in planning of behavior

50
Q

lies at the division of the frontal and parietal lobes and the motor cortex is on the precentral gyrus

A

central sulcus

51
Q

pre/postcentral: more motor

A

pre

52
Q

motor man and sensory man mostly has

A

hands, face, mouth

53
Q

the majority of the fibers of the pyramidal tract originate from the

A

primary motor cortex (but some from secondary or other cortical areas)

54
Q

the majority of fibers (90%) contralateral or ipsilateral?

A

contralateral

55
Q

pyramidal tract: contralateral form what tracts?

A

lateral corticospinal tracts

56
Q

pyramidal tract: ipsilateral form what tracts?

A

anterior corticospinal tracts

57
Q

Babinski can be used to detect what?

A

pyramidal tract damage

58
Q

descending fiber tract: from red nucleus

A

Rubrospinal tract

59
Q

descending fiber tract: from vestibular nucleus

A

vestibulospinal tract

60
Q

descending fiber tract: from reticular formation

A

reticulospinal tract

61
Q

brainstem has a lot of lesser thought about functions such as

A

respiration, cardiovascular system, GI, equilibrium, and eye movements

62
Q

what 3 pairs of peduncles connect cerebellum to brain?

A

inferior, middle, superior

63
Q

the cerebellum is only ( )% of brain weight but contains over half of the neurons

A

10%

64
Q

cerebellum function: ( ) the planning of limb movements

A

coordinates

65
Q

cerebellum function: ( ) movements as they are performed

A

modifies

66
Q

cerebellum function: corrects errors for ( )

A

overshooting or undershooting

67
Q

cerebellum function: what can cause uncoordinated behavior similar to being intoxicated

A

lesions

68
Q

motor cortex has humonculus. What also has one?

A

cerebellum

69
Q

cerebellum receive inputs from where?

A
  • frontal motor and parietal cortex through the pons
  • inferior olive through the motor cortex and red nucleus
  • vestibular nucleus and spinal cord
70
Q

the only output from cerebellar processing and innervates cells in the deep cerebellar nuclei

A

purkinje cell

71
Q

the neurons in the deep cerebellar nuclei primarily innervate cells in the ( ) which then go to the motor and premotor cortex

A

thalamus

72
Q

are there descending tracts from the cerebellum?

A

no

73
Q

basal ganglia are deep within what?

A

white matter or the cerebrum

74
Q

plays a crucial role in initiating and terminating movements

A

basal ganglia

75
Q

dysfunction of basal ganglia can lead to what?

A

chorea (uncontrolled movements) and Parkinson’s disease (hard time initiating movement)

76
Q

input and output from basal ganglis

A
  • input: several areas of cortex

- output: thalamus –> premotor cortex

77
Q

what is the main mechanism of basal ganglion modulation of movements

A

disinhibition of thalamocortical neurons (disinhibit thalamus, which stimulates cortex)

Human Physiology Block 1 (15 decks)

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