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Human Physiology Block 1 > Membrane Transport > Flashcards

Membrane Transport Flashcards

1
Q

cell membrane is a bilayer of

A

phopholipids

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2
Q

the major function of the cell membrane

A

create a barrier for diffusion

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3
Q

hormone –> receptor –> ( ) –> cellular response

A

second messenger

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4
Q

diffusion occurs with a rate depending on what?

A

permeability

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5
Q

membranes are permeable to

A
  • gasses (oxygen, CO2, nitric oxide)
  • lipophilic substances (fatty acids and steroids)
  • water
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6
Q

membranes are not permeable to

A
  • ions (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-)

- small charges or hydrophilic molecules (aminoacids, nucleoacids, sugars, neurotransmitters), proteins, & DNA

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7
Q

rate of diffusion: 1 micron

A

0.5 ms

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8
Q

what pushes water backwards?

A

solutes

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9
Q

force required to prevent osmosis

A

force required to prevent osmosis

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10
Q

osmosis direction

A

lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration

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11
Q

osmolality of solution=

A

total # of solute molecules/# of water molecules in the same volume of solution

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12
Q

osmolality of plasma in body

A

300 mOsm

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13
Q

osmotic pressure of plasma=

A

osmotic pressure of istonic soln

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14
Q
A

hyptonic

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15
Q

> osmotic pressure of plasma (shrink)

A

hypertonic

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16
Q

dehydration effect on plasma volume

A

decreases

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17
Q

decreased plasma volume leads to

A

increased plasma osmolality

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18
Q

increased plasma osmolality leads to

A

increased osmoreceptors activity

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19
Q

increased osmoreceptors activity leads to

A

secretion of ADH by posterior pituitary

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20
Q

secretion of ADH by posterior pituitary leads to

A

water retention in kidneys

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21
Q

water retention in kidneys leads to

A

increased plasma volume

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22
Q

facilitated diffusion is characterized by

A
  • specificity
  • competition
  • saturation
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23
Q

uncharged/charged: the electrochemical gradient is determined by the relative concentrations of the substance on both sides of the membrane

A

uncharged

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24
Q

uncharged/charged: the electrochemical gradient is determined by the relative concentrations of the substance on both sides of the membrane AND the membrane potential across the membrane

A

charged

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25
Q

if hydrolysis of ATP is the source of energy, this is called ( )

A

primary active transport (Ca2+ pump, Na+/K+ exchanger)

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26
Q

if energy comes from moving another substance down the electrochemical gradient this is called ( )

A

secondary active transport/cotransport (Na+-glucose cotransporter in kidneys, Na+/Ca2+ exchanger)

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27
Q

Na+ out

A

140mM

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28
Q

K+ out

A

5mM

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29
Q

Cl- out

A

120mM

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30
Q

HCO3- out

A

20-26mM

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31
Q

Na+ in

A

5-10mM

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32
Q

K+ in

A

150mM

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33
Q

Cl- in

A

5-40mM

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34
Q

types of channels

A
  • water channels

- ion channel

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35
Q

types of carriers

A
  • uniporters (facilitated diffusion)
  • symporters (contransporters)
  • Antiporters (exchangers)
  • pumps
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36
Q

function similarly to uniporters except that two subrates must bind for the transport step to take place

A

cotransporters

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37
Q

binding sites re-orient only when substrates are bound and NOT when binding sites are empty

A

antoporters (exchangers)

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38
Q

proton pumps that are relatives of the ATP synthase of mitochondria

A

V-pumps

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39
Q

super-family of genes that encode the ABS transporter proteins

A

ATP-binding cassette transporters

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40
Q

epithelial transport: ( ) physically connect epithelial cells in a tight layer

A

tight junctions

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41
Q

what do tight junctions allow to pass?

A

water

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42
Q

epithelial transport: cells are ( )

A

polarized

43
Q

epithelial transport: Na/K pumps are located on the ( ) side

A

basolateral

44
Q

epithelial transport: ( ) minimizes osmotic gradients

A

water flux

45
Q

epithelial transport: most physiological secretions are ( )

A

hypotonic

46
Q

epithelial transport: ( ) is maintained

A

electric neutrality

47
Q

body attempts to absorb all nutrients from the ( ) and to do so the body uses both ( )

A
  • gut

- cotransporters & uniporters

48
Q

how hypotonic sweat produced

A

1) salt secreted and water follows

2) salt reabsorbed

49
Q

why is the skin of a baby with CFTR salty?

A

when CFTR channels are lost, sweat becomes salty because NaCl is not effectively reabsorbed

50
Q

in Na/K pumps, the ( ) is used to drive Cl0 out across the basolater side through CFTR Cl- channels –> cytoplasmic Cl- low

A

negative potential

51
Q

the apical membrane contrains both CFTR ( ) channels

A

Cl- and Na+

52
Q

Na+ channels used by epithelia that are highly selectrive for Na but very different from voltage gated Na+ channels used to make AP

A

Epithelial Na+ Channels (ENAC)

53
Q

the major function of the cell membrane

A

create a barrier for diffusion

54
Q

hormone –> receptor –> ( ) –> cellular response

A

second messenger

55
Q

diffusion occurs with a rate depending on what?

A

permeability

56
Q

membranes are permeable to

A
  • gasses (oxygen, CO2, nitric oxide)
  • lipophilic substances (fatty acids and steroids)
  • water
57
Q

membranes are not permeable to

A
  • ions (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-)

- small charges or hydrophilic molecules (aminoacids, nucleoacids, sugars, neurotransmitters), proteins, & DNA

58
Q

rate of diffusion: 1 micron

A

0.5 ms

59
Q

what pushes water backwards?

A

solutes

60
Q

force required to prevent osmosis

A

force required to prevent osmosis

61
Q

osmosis direction

A

lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration

62
Q

osmolality of solution=

A

total # of solute molecules/# of water molecules in the same volume of solution

63
Q

osmolality of plasma in body

A

300 mOsm

64
Q

osmotic pressure of plasma=

A

osmotic pressure of istonic soln

65
Q
A

hyptonic

66
Q

> osmotic pressure of plasma (shrink)

A

hypertonic

67
Q

dehydration effect on plasma volume

A

decreases

68
Q

decreased plasma volume leads to

A

increased plasma osmolality

69
Q

increased plasma osmolality leads to

A

increased osmoreceptors activity

70
Q

increased osmoreceptors activity leads to

A

secretion of ADH by posterior pituitary

71
Q

secretion of ADH by posterior pituitary leads to

A

water retention in kidneys

72
Q

water retention in kidneys leads to

A

increased plasma volume

73
Q

facilitated diffusion is characterized by

A
  • specificity
  • competition
  • saturation
74
Q

uncharged/charged: the electrochemical gradient is determined by the relative concentrations of the substance on both sides of the membrane

A

uncharged

75
Q

uncharged/charged: the electrochemical gradient is determined by the relative concentrations of the substance on both sides of the membrane AND the membrane potential across the membrane

A

charged

76
Q

if hydrolysis of ATP is the source of energy, this is called ( )

A

primary active transport (Ca2+ pump, Na+/K+ exchanger)

77
Q

if energy comes from moving another substance down the electrochemical gradient this is called ( )

A

secondary active transport/cotransport (Na+-glucose cotransporter in kidneys, Na+/Ca2+ exchanger)

78
Q

Na+ out

A

140mM

79
Q

K+ out

A

5mM

80
Q

Cl- out

A

120mM

81
Q

HCO3- out

A

20-26mM

82
Q

Na+ in

A

5-10mM

83
Q

K+ in

A

150mM

84
Q

Cl- in

A

5-40mM

85
Q

types of channels

A
  • water channels

- ion channel

86
Q

types of carriers

A
  • uniporters (facilitated diffusion)
  • symporters (contransporters)
  • Antiporters (exchangers)
  • pumps
87
Q

function similarly to uniporters except that two subrates must bind for the transport step to take place

A

cotransporters

88
Q

binding sites re-orient only when substrates are bound and NOT when binding sites are empty

A

antoporters (exchangers)

89
Q

proton pumps that are relatives of the ATP synthase of mitochondria

A

V-pumps

90
Q

super-family of genes that encode the ABS transporter proteins

A

ATP-binding cassette transporters

91
Q

epithelial transport: ( ) physically connect epithelial cells in a tight layer

A

tight junctions

92
Q

what do tight junctions allow to pass?

A

water

93
Q

epithelial transport: cells are ( )

A

polarized

94
Q

epithelial transport: Na/K pumps are located on the ( ) side

A

basolateral

95
Q

epithelial transport: ( ) minimizes osmotic gradients

A

water flux

96
Q

epithelial transport: most physiological secretions are ( )

A

hypotonic

97
Q

epithelial transport: ( ) is maintained

A

electric neutrality

98
Q

body attempts to absorb all nutrients from the ( ) and to do so the body uses both ( )

A
  • gut

- cotransporters & uniporters

99
Q

how hypotonic sweat produced

A

1) salt secreted and water follows

2) salt reabsorbed

100
Q

why is the skin of a baby with CFTR salty?

A

when CFTR channels are lost, sweat becomes salty because NaCl is not effectively reabsorbed

101
Q

in Na/K pumps, the ( ) is used to drive Cl0 out across the basolater side through CFTR Cl- channels –> cytoplasmic Cl- low

A

negative potential

102
Q

the apical membrane contrains both CFTR ( ) channels

A

Cl- and Na+

103
Q

Na+ channels used by epithelia that are highly selectrive for Na but very different from voltage gated Na+ channels used to make AP

A

Epithelial Na+ Channels (ENAC)

Human Physiology Block 1 (15 decks)

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