Physiology of the Blood and the Immune System Flashcards
1
Q
A fat-free individual is about what % water?
A
60%
2
Q
Total Body Water (TBW)
A
(0.6 * body weight)
42 liters in a 70 kg person
3
Q
intracellular fluid relative to TBW
A
2/3 TBW
4
Q
extracellular fluid relative to TBW
A
1/3 TBW
5
Q
ECF can be subdivided into
A
- interstitial fluid (3/4 ECF)
- plasma (1/4 ECF)
6
Q
Blood volume comprises about ( ) of body fluids
A
5-6 liters
7
Q
Blood fluid parts and percentages
A
55% Plasma; 45% formed elements
8
Q
cells of blood
A
- erythrocytes
- leukocytes
- thrombocytes (platelets)
9
Q
Blood plasma composition
A
91-93% water; 7-9% solids
10
Q
classification of leukocytes
A
- polymorphonuclear granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)
- monocytes (macrophages)
- lymphocytes (B cells, T cells)
11
Q
enable clotting
A
platelets
12
Q
where does hematopoiesis take place?
A
bone marrow (red marrow of long bones)
13
Q
blood cells are constantly formed from
A
hematopoietic stem cells
14
Q
multi-potent uncommitted stem cells divide and some daughter cells become ( ) that then progress to fully-differentiated blood cells
A
committed stem cells
15
Q
in the fetus, hematopoeisis occurs where?
A
in the liver and spleen
16
Q
red bone marrow is called ( ) tissue
A
myeloid
17
Q
how long to RBCs survive?
A
100-120 days (3-4 months)
18
Q
how much blood is there be mm^3 of blood?
A
5 million
19
Q
out of the following, which do RBCs have:
- nucleus
- mitochondria
- ribosomes
- other organelles
A
none
20
Q
produces lymphocytes from stem cells that originated in the bone marrow
A
lymphoid tissue
21
Q
3 basic functions of lymphoid tissue:
A
1) transport of interstitial fluid back to blood
2) transport of fat absorbed from gut to blood
3) provide immunological defenses against disease causing agents via lymphocytes
22
Q
( )% of the dry weight of a red cell is made up of hemoglobin
A
95%
23
Q
A hemoglobin molecule contains 4 protein chains each bound to an ( )
A
iron-containing heme
24
Q
what is the basic regulator of erythrocyte production (erythropoiesis)
A
tissue oxygenation
25
hormone that is released by the kidney into the blood that stimulated bone marrow to increase RBC production
erythropoietin
26
the maturation factor
B-12
27
Deficiency of B-12 is not normally due to lack of adequate amounts of it in our diets, but rather...
because it cannot be absorbed directly from the GI tract without the presence of intrinsic factor
28
In what disease is the gastric mucosa atrophied and intrinsic factor is no longer secreted
pernicious anemia
29
clumping of cells
agglutination
30
These antibodies, when they cause the cells to adhere together, are called ( )
agglutinins
31
the blood type of an individual depends upon
the receptors on the cells (agglutinogens)
32
blood type O: agglutinogen
none
33
blood type O: agglutinin
anti-A, B
34
blood type A: agglutinogen
A
35
blood type A: agglutinin
anti-B
36
blood type B: agglutinogen
B
37
blood type B: agglutinin
anti-A
38
blood type AB: agglutinogen
AB
39
blood type AB: agglutinin
none
40
specific sequences/part of antigen that can be bound by anti-body
epitopes
41
number of platelets (number and relative to other blood types)
300,000 mm^3; more than WBC, less than RBC
42
what are platelets?
cell fragments from megakaryocytes
43
refers to the prevention of blood loss (hemorrhage)
hemostasis
44
hemostasis occurs by means of:
1) constriction of blood vessels
2) platelet reactions
3) coagulation
4) depositions of fibrous tissue
45
hemostasis stage: vascular spasm
constriction of blood vessels
46
hemostasis stage: plug and vessel contruction
platelet reactions
47
hemostasis stage: clotting of blood
coagulation
48
hemostasis stage: closes rupture permanently
deposition of fibrous tissue
49
platelet reactions are activated by
agonists
50
primary hemostasis
platelet reactions
51
seconary hemostasis
coagulation
52
platelet reactions: when the platelets come in contact with a damaged vessel surface, they change their characteristics
platelet activation
53
platelet reactions: platelets undergo ( ) to the site of injury
adhesion
54
platelet reactions: platelets swell, become sticky, and form a platelet plug by ( )
aggregation
55
platelet reactions: platelets provide a ( ) for clotting factors
phospholipid surface
56
platelet reactions: platelets also release vasocontrictors, serotonin, and thromboxane A2 by ( )
secretion
57
platelet reactions: activated platelets also secrete a protein called ( )
platelet derived growth factor
58
what does platelet derived growth factor do?
stimulates the growth and migration of fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells within the vessel wall
59
platelets in the intact circulations are
quiescent (inactive)
60
clotting: after vessel damage occurs, ( ) is converted to thrombin
prothrombin
61
clotting: after prothrombing converts to thrombin, what's the next conversion?
fibringogen to fibrin
62
the clotting cascading pathways converge on the ( ) for formation of a clot
final common pathway
63
what does the extrinsic pathway begin with?
blood coming in contact with traumatized vascular wall or extra vascular tissue
64
what does the intrinsic pathway begin with?
trauma to the blood itself
65
An enzyme in the blood that digests fibrin and promotes dissolution of clots
plasmin
66
prevent clotting
anticoagulants
67
anticoagulant: platelet inhibitors
aspirin
68
anticoagulant: prevention of proper synthesis of clotting factors
coumarin, warfarin
69
anticoagulant: thrombin inhibitor
heparin
70
anticoagulant: Ca2+ chelators
EDTA, cilrate
71
constitutes all the physiological mechanisms which allow the body to recognize materials as foreign or abnormal and to neutralize or eliminate them
immunity
72
includes both external and internal defenses which are always present and represent the first line of defense against potential pathogens
non-specific (innate) immunity
73
examples of non-specific (innate) immunity
skin and phagocytic cells
74
what are the chasers in the immune system?
neutrophils
75
what percentage of blood are RBCs?
99%
76
leukocytes are subdivided into:
1) polymorphonuclear granulocytes
| 2) mononuclear agranulocytes
77
polymorphonuclear granulocytes include:
1) neutrophils
2) eosinophils
3) basophils
78
mononuclear agranulocytes include:
1) monocytes
| 2) lymphocytes
79
most abundant WBCs
neutrophils
80
WBC formed in the ( ); lymphocytes are formed in the ( )
- bone marrow
| - lymph tissues
81
diapedesis, ameboid motion, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis are properties of
neutrophils and monocytes
82
neutrophil and monocyte property: can squeeze through pores smaller than themselves
diapedesis
83
neutrophil and monocyte property: a method of cell locomotion
ameboid motion
84
neutrophil and monocyte property: move toward a chemical attractant
chemotaxis
85
neutrophil and monocyte property: ingestion and digestion of particulate matter
phagocytosis
86
what are capable of leaving the blood vessels and entering the tissues?
neutrophils and monocytes
87
when are neutrophils considered mature?
when the leave the blood vessels and enter the tissue
88
when are monocytes considered mature?
not until they go into the tissues
89
WBC: exhibit phagocytosis to a smaller degree, detoxify foreign protein, clean up last stages of infection, and help in dissolving blood clots
eosinophils
90
WBC: do no exhibit phagocytosis, contain and release chemicals such as histamine, virtually identical to mast cells
basophils
91
found in connective tissue throughout the body but don't circulate
mast cells
92
mediated by lymphocytes and depend upon prior exposure to a specific foreign material
specific (acquired or adaptive) immune responses
93
acquired immunity can be obtained in which two ways:
1) by developing antibodies
| 2) by developing sensitized lymphocytes
94
type of immunity: developing antibodies
humoral
95
type of immunity: developing sensitized lymphocytes
cellular (cell-mediated)
96
response to local inflammation includes what type of immune response?
both innate and acquired
97
what type of lymphocytes are involved in humoral immunity?
B lymphocytes
98
what type of lymphocytes are involved in cell-mediated immunity?
T lymphocytes
99
lymphocyte: have specific receptors on their surface for antigen recognition?
B lymphocytes
100
B lymphocytes mature into antibody-producing ( )
plasma cells
101
secrete antibodies that can identify foreign cells as targets for destruction by phagocytosis or complement system activation
plasma cells
102
responsible for protection against some viruses, bacteria, and cancer cells
Killer T Cells
103
How do Killer T Cells act?
- kill the viral or bacterial host or the cancer cell
| - reject transplanted organts
104
T cell: help B cells become antibody-producing plasma cells (enhance immune response)
helper T cells
105
T cell: participate in the suppression of the immune response (suppressor, break on immune)
regulatory T cells
106
T cells recognize antigens bound to ( ) protein molecules on antigen presenting cells, thus requiring cell-cell contact to carry out their functions
major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
107
what is important for activating proteins in cells?
Interleukin 2
108
Special B and T cells that "remember" a specific antigen and will quickly generate an immune response when exposed to that antigen again
Memory Cells
109
cardinal feature of specific immune responses include:
1) specificity
2) memory
3) amplification
4) self-discrimination
110
cardinal: immune to smallpox, not immune to diphtheria
specificity
111
cardinal: develops with previous experience to foreign material
memory
112
cardinal: happens when confronted with same antigen for a second time
amplification
113
cardinal: recognizes material from one's own body
self-discrimination
114
the ratio of packed RBCs to total blood volume in a centrifuged sample of blood, expressed as a percentage
hematocrit
115
healthy hematocrit in women
36-46%
116
healty hematocrite in men
41-53%
