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ANT203 > The Modern World 1 > Flashcards

The Modern World 1 Flashcards

1
Q

epidemiology

A
  • the study of the determinants, occurrence, and distribution of health and disease in a defined population

ex. cholera outbreak in London in the 1850s
- Dr. John Snow mapped the outbreak and traced the cause to a single well
- earliest instance of modern epidemiology

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2
Q

how do you define ‘health’

A

WHO definition: ‘health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity’

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3
Q

how do you define ‘disease’

A

an illness characterized by specific ssigns or systems

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4
Q

factors of epidemiology

A
  • population; needs to be defined, different factors impact different populations
  • population density
  • fertility
  • morbidity
  • mortality
  • crude birth rate
  • crude death rate
  • rate of natural increase
  • longevity
  • average life expectancy
  • mortality profiles; prevelance, incidence
  • disease prossesses; endemic, epidemic, pandemic
  • infectious diseases
  • different types of pathological agents; viral, bacterial, protozoan, fungal, worms, prions
  • chain of infection
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5
Q

zoonotic diseases

A
  • rabies
  • hanta virus
  • lyme disease
  • toxoplasmosis
  • plague
  • trichinosis
  • HIV
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6
Q

beyond infectious diseases; epidemiology

A
  • non-infectious diseases
  • injury
  • environmental exposures
  • disasters
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7
Q

HIV

A
  • the origins of HIV-1, the viral agents responsible for the AIDS pandemic, have been traces to chimpanzees in the southern cameroon
  • SIV>HIV
  • contamination during bushmeat hunting? spread facilitated by changes related to cololial activities
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8
Q

Epidemiological transitions

A
  • abdel omran (1971)
  • temporal changes in health and disease
  • population-level patterns
  • first transition; age of pestilence
  • second transition; age of receding pandemics
  • third transition; age of degenerative and man-made diseases
  • ethnographic fieldwork and modern hunter-gatherers
  • Archaeology; zooarchaeology, archeobotany
  • bioarcheaology/ palaeonathropology
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9
Q

bioarchaeology/ paleoanthropology

A
  • palaeodiet; stable isotopes, dental calculus, dentak microwear
  • palaeodemography; age estimation, sex estimation
  • modbidity; physiological indicators of stress, stature, nutritional health, infectious disease
  • palaeoepidemiology; pathologies, osteological paradox
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10
Q

other information on epidemiological transitions

A
  • history of medicine
  • history of sanitation
  • cultural attitudes
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11
Q

what does health and disease look like; epidemiological transitions

A
  • shifts in the causes of morbidity and morality
  • need to understanding life in the past; ethnographic fieldwork and modern hunter-gatherers, archaeology, bioarcheology/ paleoanthropology, medical history
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12
Q

first epediological transition; before the transition

A
  • small groups
  • low infectious disease burden
  • low chronic disease burden
  • morality high from accidental, parasitic, other sources
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13
Q

first epediological transition; first transition

A
  • age of pestilence
  • agricultural revolution
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14
Q

first epediological transition; introduction to agriculture

A
  • change in resource acquisition
  • different timings and introductions around the world
  • patterns similar in terms of disease
  • increased group size and population density
  • increasing urbanization
  • commensal interactions
  • potential for zoonotic diseases
  • increased rates of infectious disease
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15
Q

first epediological transition; subsequently

A
  • socioeconomic stratification
  • changes in distribution of resources
  • changes in who is experiencing certain diseases
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16
Q

first epediological transition; trade and colonialism

A
  • increasing globalization
  • new crops and animals, new diseases
17
Q

second epidemiological transition

A
  • age of receding pandemics
  • increased sanitation
  • prevention of disease
  • economic transformations
  • industrial revolution
  • improvements to sanitation
  • improved housing
  • improved nutrition, medicine, and pharmaceuticals
  • improvements in healthcare delivery
  • introduction of inoculations
  • secular improvements in stature and weight
  • changes in reproductive maturation; earlier puberty, earlier menarche
  • changes in life expectancy
18
Q

third epideniological transition

A
  • age of degenerative and man-made diseases
  • increase in chronic disease load
  • dietary changes
  • aging populations
  • contemporary era
  • overnutrition and sedentary lifestyles
  • environmental factors
  • cardiometabolic disease
  • cardiovascular disease
  • hypertension
  • cancers
  • diabetes
19
Q

hypertension

A
  • risk factor for cardiovascular disease
  • blood pressure may vary with age, weight, sex
20
Q

cancers

A
  • abnormal cell function
  • rapid cellular replication
  • site or organ of origin
21
Q

diabetes type 1

A
  • mutations in HLA cluster on chromosome 6
  • autoimmune condition
22
Q

diabetes type 2

A
  • rising levels globally
  • diet and activity
23
Q

thrifty genotype hypothesis

A
  • james neel (1962)
  • gene-dietary mismatch
  • feasy famine dynamic
24
Q

thrifty phenotype hypothesis

A
  • david barker (1985)
  • developmental origins of health and disease
  • early life origins of later life complications
25
Q

osteoporosis

A
  • bone mineral density
  • outcomes among aging individuals
  • relationships to bone mineral density
  • balancing act with other conditions
  • bones become brittle and fragile from loss of tissue, typically as a result of hormonal changes, or deficiency of calcium or vitamin D
26
Q

osteoarthritis

A
  • important in light of aging communities
  • chronic degenerative joint disease that causes the breakdown of cartilage and other joint tissues, resulting in pain, stiffness, and swelling
27
Q

third epidemiological transition; now

A
  • new infectious diseases
  • antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria
28
Q

social determinants of health

A
  • social and economic factors that influence people health apparent in the living and working conditions that people experiment every day
  • income, education, job security, working conditions
  • early childhood development, social exclusion, social safety network
  • food insecurity, housing, access to health services
  • aboriginal status, gender, race, disability
29
Q

how do we deal with the chronic disease crisis

A
  • biocultural approach
  • impacts of socioeconomic disparity
  • improving infrastructure

ANT203 (12 decks)

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