The Modern World 1 Flashcards
epidemiology
- the study of the determinants, occurrence, and distribution of health and disease in a defined population
ex. cholera outbreak in London in the 1850s
- Dr. John Snow mapped the outbreak and traced the cause to a single well
- earliest instance of modern epidemiology
how do you define ‘health’
WHO definition: ‘health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity’
how do you define ‘disease’
an illness characterized by specific ssigns or systems
factors of epidemiology
- population; needs to be defined, different factors impact different populations
- population density
- fertility
- morbidity
- mortality
- crude birth rate
- crude death rate
- rate of natural increase
- longevity
- average life expectancy
- mortality profiles; prevelance, incidence
- disease prossesses; endemic, epidemic, pandemic
- infectious diseases
- different types of pathological agents; viral, bacterial, protozoan, fungal, worms, prions
- chain of infection
zoonotic diseases
- rabies
- hanta virus
- lyme disease
- toxoplasmosis
- plague
- trichinosis
- HIV
beyond infectious diseases; epidemiology
- non-infectious diseases
- injury
- environmental exposures
- disasters
HIV
- the origins of HIV-1, the viral agents responsible for the AIDS pandemic, have been traces to chimpanzees in the southern cameroon
- SIV>HIV
- contamination during bushmeat hunting? spread facilitated by changes related to cololial activities
Epidemiological transitions
- abdel omran (1971)
- temporal changes in health and disease
- population-level patterns
- first transition; age of pestilence
- second transition; age of receding pandemics
- third transition; age of degenerative and man-made diseases
- ethnographic fieldwork and modern hunter-gatherers
- Archaeology; zooarchaeology, archeobotany
- bioarcheaology/ palaeonathropology
bioarchaeology/ paleoanthropology
- palaeodiet; stable isotopes, dental calculus, dentak microwear
- palaeodemography; age estimation, sex estimation
- modbidity; physiological indicators of stress, stature, nutritional health, infectious disease
- palaeoepidemiology; pathologies, osteological paradox
other information on epidemiological transitions
- history of medicine
- history of sanitation
- cultural attitudes
what does health and disease look like; epidemiological transitions
- shifts in the causes of morbidity and morality
- need to understanding life in the past; ethnographic fieldwork and modern hunter-gatherers, archaeology, bioarcheology/ paleoanthropology, medical history
first epediological transition; before the transition
- small groups
- low infectious disease burden
- low chronic disease burden
- morality high from accidental, parasitic, other sources
first epediological transition; first transition
- age of pestilence
- agricultural revolution
first epediological transition; introduction to agriculture
- change in resource acquisition
- different timings and introductions around the world
- patterns similar in terms of disease
- increased group size and population density
- increasing urbanization
- commensal interactions
- potential for zoonotic diseases
- increased rates of infectious disease
first epediological transition; subsequently
- socioeconomic stratification
- changes in distribution of resources
- changes in who is experiencing certain diseases
first epediological transition; trade and colonialism
- increasing globalization
- new crops and animals, new diseases
second epidemiological transition
- age of receding pandemics
- increased sanitation
- prevention of disease
- economic transformations
- industrial revolution
- improvements to sanitation
- improved housing
- improved nutrition, medicine, and pharmaceuticals
- improvements in healthcare delivery
- introduction of inoculations
- secular improvements in stature and weight
- changes in reproductive maturation; earlier puberty, earlier menarche
- changes in life expectancy
third epideniological transition
- age of degenerative and man-made diseases
- increase in chronic disease load
- dietary changes
- aging populations
- contemporary era
- overnutrition and sedentary lifestyles
- environmental factors
- cardiometabolic disease
- cardiovascular disease
- hypertension
- cancers
- diabetes
hypertension
- risk factor for cardiovascular disease
- blood pressure may vary with age, weight, sex
cancers
- abnormal cell function
- rapid cellular replication
- site or organ of origin
diabetes type 1
- mutations in HLA cluster on chromosome 6
- autoimmune condition
diabetes type 2
- rising levels globally
- diet and activity
thrifty genotype hypothesis
- james neel (1962)
- gene-dietary mismatch
- feasy famine dynamic
thrifty phenotype hypothesis
- david barker (1985)
- developmental origins of health and disease
- early life origins of later life complications
osteoporosis
- bone mineral density
- outcomes among aging individuals
- relationships to bone mineral density
- balancing act with other conditions
- bones become brittle and fragile from loss of tissue, typically as a result of hormonal changes, or deficiency of calcium or vitamin D
osteoarthritis
- important in light of aging communities
- chronic degenerative joint disease that causes the breakdown of cartilage and other joint tissues, resulting in pain, stiffness, and swelling
third epidemiological transition; now
- new infectious diseases
- antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria
social determinants of health
- social and economic factors that influence people health apparent in the living and working conditions that people experiment every day
- income, education, job security, working conditions
- early childhood development, social exclusion, social safety network
- food insecurity, housing, access to health services
- aboriginal status, gender, race, disability
how do we deal with the chronic disease crisis
- biocultural approach
- impacts of socioeconomic disparity
- improving infrastructure
