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ANT203 > Genetics/ Forces of Evolution > Flashcards

Genetics/ Forces of Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

Darwin and Inheritance

A

the transfer of genetic sequences from one generation to the next

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2
Q

blending inheritance

A

The notion that traits are inherited like different colors of paint blend

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3
Q

Gregor Mendel

A
  • palacky university of olomouc, university of vienna
  • botanist
  • augustinian friar
  • relationships between breeding and traits
  • father of genetics
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4
Q

Mendel pea experiment

A
  • a series of experiments that involved cross-pollinating pea plants with different traits to study how traits are passed down through generations
  • Flower colour, Flower position, Plant size, Pod colour, Pod shape, Seed colour, and Seed shape
  • Creating a parent generation of true-breeding plants
    Breeding two parent plants to create a second generation of plants (F1)
    Self-pollinating two F1 plants to create a third generation (F2)
  • important for understanding inheritance
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5
Q

gene

A

segment of chromosomes in DNA (nitrogen bases that specify the sequence of amino acids in proteins) that codes for protein or trait

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6
Q

allele

A

alternative form of a gene at a particular locus of homologous chromosomes

different expressions of a trait are controlled by alleles that occur in pairs

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7
Q

genotype

A

what alleles an individual has

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8
Q

phenotype

A

what trait is expressed in an individual

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9
Q

law of segregation

A

one copy of a gene (an allele) in inherited from each parent (at random)

i.e., each parent flower has 2 alleles for the flower colour gene, each offspring will inherit one allele from each parent

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10
Q

law of independant assortment

A

the alleles of different genes are passed on independently of each other

i.e. the alleles for the genes controlling flower colour and seed colour are passed down independently of one another

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11
Q

homozygous

A

two copies of the same allele for a gene

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12
Q

heterozygous

A

two different allele genes

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13
Q

dominant

A

always expressed allele

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14
Q

recessive

A

not expressed in presence of a dominant allele

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15
Q

punnett square

A
  • tool for sorting alleles
  • investigate relationship between parent and offspring genotypes and phenotypes
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16
Q

inheritance 1940

A
  • genes are known to be discrete units of heredity
  • variants of genes
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17
Q

inheritance 1944

A

DNA identified as the transforming principle by oswald avery

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18
Q

inheritance 1952

A

rosaind franklin images DNA using Xray crystallography techniques

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19
Q

DNA

A
  • double helix
  • double stranded
  • chains of nucleotide; phosphate, sugars (deoxyribose), nitrogen bases (adenine, theymine, guanine, cytosine)
  • very long
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20
Q

base pairing

A

A-T
G-C
- joined by hydrogen bonding
- the order of the bases code for certain messages (genes)

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21
Q

RNA

A

-Ribose
- single stranded
- four base pairs (adenine, uracil, guanine, cytosine)
- allows for expression of genes via codons
- they carry messages in DNA outside the nucleus for protein synthesis

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22
Q

genome

A
  • full compliment of genes/DNA for an organism
  • not all parts code for proteins: there are coding sequences and non-coding sequences
  • non-coding sequences are still functional (ex. regulatory genes turn on/off genes that do code for proteins)
  • unique to an individual
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23
Q

genetic code

A
  • information encoded in genetic material
  • translated and expressed as proteins
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24
Q

autosomes

A
  • numbered homologous pairs
  • one from each parent
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25
Q

sex chromosomes

A
  • X chromosome
  • Y chromosome
  • one from each parent
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26
Q

karyotypes

A
  • a visual representation of an individual’s chromosomes, which shows their number, structure, and size
  • humans have 23 pairs, 46 total (22 pairs autosomal, 1 pair sex
  • there is variation in chromosomal types and number
  • sex ≠ gender
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27
Q

the building blocks of life

A
  • cells are the basic units of all living organisms
  • a cell is the most primitive and basic form of life on earth
28
Q

prokaryotes

A
  • single cell organism (ex. bacteria)
29
Q

eukaryotes

A
  • complex cell with nucleus
  • found in all multicellular organisms
  • can be divided into two types: somatic and gametes
30
Q

somatic

A
  • make up bodys organs and tisssues
  • reproduce through mitosis
  • diploids (two copies of chromosomes)
31
Q

gametes

A
  • reproductive cells
  • fuse during sexual reproduction
  • haploids (one copy of each chromosome)
  • produced though meiosis
32
Q

what are cells made up of

A
  • cell membrane
  • cytoplasm
  • organelles
  • nucleus
33
Q

nucleus

A
  • DNA
  • RNA moves in and out
  • stores genetic information in the form of DNA
34
Q

organelles

A
  • endoplasmic reticulum
  • ribosomes
  • mitochondria
35
Q

ribosomes

A
  • function in protein synthesis
36
Q

mitochondria

A
  • energy producers
  • endosymbiosis
  • mitochondrial DNA (fast evolution)
37
Q

nuclear DNA

A
  • an organisms genetic information
  • blueprint for an organism and the same in all somatic cells within an individual
38
Q

chromatin

A

DNA when it is wound up into chromosomes

39
Q

chromatid

A

one arm of a chromosome, joined to its sister by the centromere

40
Q

DNA replication

A
  • DNA is unzipped by helicase enzyme
  • exposing nitrogen bases
  • each strand acts as a template for a new strand: complementary pairing and duplication
41
Q

cell division

A
  • the process by which new sells are created, occurs in the nucleus
42
Q

mitosis

A
  • 46 chromosomes line up
  • interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis

replication
- dna replication
- sister chromatid chromosomes line up
- spindles form
- pull apart into two daughter cells

  • 2 identical diploid cells are left when done
43
Q

meiosis

A
  • gamete-forming cell with 46 single-chromatid chromosomes
  • similar to mitosis, but recombination/crossing-over occurs and there are 2 divisions
  • 4 non-identical haploid cells
44
Q

recombination

A
  • crossing over
  • formation of unique daughter cells from parent cells
45
Q

reduction division

A

random assortment, enhances genetic diversity

46
Q

protein synthesis

A
  • proteins are composed of amino acids, coded for by codons (3 nucleotide sequences in genes)

DNA (genes)>RNA (codons)>amino acids>polypeptide chains> proteins

47
Q

transcription

A

-mRNA copies message from DNA

48
Q

translation

A

rRNA reads the message in the mRNA (codons)

49
Q

assembly

A

tRNA brings corresponding amino acids

50
Q

mendalian traits

A
  • discrete traits
  • controlled by one gene
51
Q

polygenic traits

A
  • continous variation
  • phenotype determined by action of more than one gene
  • environment may also contribute
52
Q

epigenetics

A
  • DNA interacts with environment to influence appearance, behaviour, function
  • environmental influences on gene expression
  • ex. dutch famine
53
Q

what are the forces of evolution

A

natural selection, mutation, genetic drift, gene flow

54
Q

mutations

A
  • create new variation in population
  • can be harmful (delterious), neutral or beneficial
  • natural selection acts on variation
55
Q

point mutation

A
  • substitution: substitution of a single base
  • frameshift mutation: insertation or deletion
56
Q

chromosomal deletion

A

when a part of a chromosome is lost

57
Q

chromosomal duplication

A

DNA segment is duplicated, resulting in extra copies of a chromosomal region

58
Q

chromosomal inversion

A

a rearrangement of a chromosome that occurs when a segment of DNA breaks off and reattaches in the same chromosome, but in the opposite orientation

59
Q

chromosomal insertion

A

involves the addition of one or more nucleotides into a segment of DNA

60
Q

chromosomal translocation

A
  • usually lethal
  • when a chromosome breaks and reattaches to another chromosome, or when pieces from two chromosomes trade places
61
Q

population genetics

A

change in population and gene pools

62
Q

genetic drift

A
  • changes in gene frequencies due to random sampling from one generation to the next
  • effects are greater when population size is smaller
  • not directional, unpredictable, not adaptive
  • can reduce genetic diversity
63
Q

bottleneck effect

A
  • reduction in variation due to random influence
  • population passes through a ‘bottleneck’ changing gene frequencies
64
Q

founder effect

A
  • random, unintentional
  • when a small group of individuals from a larger population become separated and form a new population
65
Q

gene flow

A
  • movements of genetic elements between different populations; migration, multiple populations, exchange, not always unidirectional
66
Q

hardy-weinberg equilibrium

A
  • mathematical equation describing stability in genotype and allele frequencies between generations
  • describes the proportion of a pair of alleles in a population

assumptions
- random mating
- no natural selection
- no gene flow
- no genetic drift
- no mutation

  • when assumptions are not met, a change in allele frequencies occurs = evolution

ANT203 (11 decks)

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