Skeletal Biology 1 Flashcards
ethics in skeletal biology
- anthropometry and craniometry
- contribution to scientific racism
- questionable acquisition of human skeletal remains
- ethics of research and teaching
ethical responsibilities of skeletal research
- respect for human dignity
- descendant rights
- the preservation ethic
- laboratory codes of conduct
Musculoskeletal system; structural
- support
- protection
Musculoskeletal system; physiological
metabolic
osteogenic
stem cell
components of bone
- cells
- fibres; collagen
- mineralized tissue; hydroxyapatite
osteoblast
bone forming
osteoclast
bone eating
osteocyte
bone cell
osteon (haversian system)
- communciation, nutrition
- bone cells within concentric layers
remodeling bone tissue
- growth and development
- maintenance
- etraction of nutrients
- response to stimuli
two types of bone
- woven bone
- lameliar bone
woven bone
formed when there is very rapid new bone formation, as occurs in the repair of a fracture
lameller bone
- corticaal/compact; periosyeum/endosteum
- cancellous/ spoungy/ trabucelar
- medullary cavity; bone marrow
joints
- bones connect to each other
- elastic cartilage; most flexible (ex. ear)
- hyaline cartilafe; 2nd most flexible (ex. nose)
- fibro-cartilage; least flexible (ex knee)
fibrous joints
- not moveable
- sutures
- syndesmosis
- gomphosis
cartilaginous joints
- slightly moveable
- symphysis
- synchondrosis
synovial joints
- highly moveable
- joiny capsule
movement
bone supports; ligaments, tendons
regions of the skeleton
- 206 bones divided into 2 regions
- axial skeleton
- appendicular skeleton
axial skeleton
The bones in the head, neck, back, and chest, which form the body’s vertical axis
- skull
- vertebral column
- rib cage
- sternum
appendicular skeleton
The bones in the shoulders, pelvis, and limbs, which attach to the axial skeleton. The appendicular skeleton enables the body to move
- bones in upper/lower limbs (arms hands legs feet)
anatomical orientation
- anterior (front)/posterior (back), dorsal/ventral
- lateral (left or right)/medial (midline of body/head)
- superior (towards head end of body; upper) /inferior (away from head end of the body; lower)
- proximal (nearest center of body) /distal (further away from center of body)
types of bones
- 4 types
- long bones
- short bones
- flat bones
- irregular bones
- sesamoid and sutural bones can vary between individuals
how to tell different bones apart
- projections
- depressions, fossae, and grooves
- foramina and canals
skull frontal
- cranium; orbits, nasal aperture
- mandible
skull parietal
- cranium; cranial vault, spaces for chewing muscles
- mandible; mental eminence
skull back
- cranium; attatchment to nuchal (neck) muscles, passage for the spine
- mandible
cranium
- has 28 bones
- 22 paired, 6 unpaired
cranium frontal
- squama
- superciliary arch
- supraorbital margin
cranium parietal
- temporal lines
- meningeal grooves
cranium temporal
- squama
- zygomatic process
- external accoustic meatus
- mastoid process
- mandibular fossa; temporomandibular joint
- petrous portion
cranium auditory ossicles
- stapes
- incus
- malleus
cranium occipital
- external occipital protuberance
- nuchal lines
- foramen magnum
- occipital condyle
cranium facial bones
- maxilla
- zygomatic
mandible
- mandibular condyle
- ramus
- gonial angle
- body
- mental protuberance
human dentition functions
- mastication
- paramastication
dental formula human
2.1.2.3/2.1.2.3 x 2 = 32
deciduous
primary or milk
permanent
adult
tooth anatomy
- gomphosis; periodontal ligaments
- enamel
- dentin
- pulp cavity
- apex
hyoid
- inferior to the mandible
- anchors muscles involved in speech
thorax
- protection of vital organs
- anchoring of musculature
- sternum
- costal cartilage
- vertebral column
- floating ribs
- true ribs
- false ribs
vertebral column function
- support head and body
- transmit spinal cord
- anchor for ribs
common features of vertebral column
- spinous process
- neural arch
- articular facets
- tranverse process
- vertebral foramen
- vertebral body
cervical
- transverse foramen
- small size
thoracic
- articulation for ribs
- heart-shapes body
lumbar
- large size
-prominent spinous process (posteriorly oriented)
sternum
- manubrium
- corpus sterni
types of ribs
- true ribs (1-7)
- false ribs (8-10)
- floating ribs (11-12)
ribs
- head
- neck
- shaft
- tubercle
clavicle
- sternal end
- acromial end
scapula
- coracoid process
- acromion
- glenoid fossa
humerus
- humeral head
- greater tubercle and lesser tubercle
- bicipital groove
- lateral and medial epicondyle
- capitulum
- tronchlea
- olecranon fossa
- coronoid fossa
radius
- radial head
- radial tuberosity
- neck
- interosseous crest
- radial styfoid process
ulna
- olecranon
- trochlear notch
- radial notch
- interosseous crest
- ulnar styloid process
hand
- metacarpals
- carpals
- phalanges
pelvic girdle
- auricular surface
- ilium
- sacrum
- acetabulum
- ischium
- pubis
- pubic symphysis
- sacrum
-coccyx
sacrum
- ala
- promontory
- fused sacral bodies
femur
- femoral head
- forea capitis
- femoral neck
- greater and lesser trochanter
- linea aspera
- medial and lateral condyle
- patellar surface
tibia
- tibial plateau
- intercondylar eminence
- medial and lateral condyles
- tibial tuberosity
- medial malleolus
fibula
- styloid process
- lateral malleolus
- interosseous crest
foot
- metatarsals
- tarsals
- phalanges
