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ANT203 > Evolutionary Theory 2 > Flashcards

Evolutionary Theory 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Charles Darwin

A
  • he returned to england on the HMS beagle in 1836
  • he had many species with him
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2
Q

Charles Darwin 1937

A

writes down ideas on the transmutation of species in a notebook

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3
Q

Charles Darwin 1839

A

marries his first cousin, 10 children, only 7 survived childhood

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4
Q

Charles Darwin 1841

A

writes to a friend that they will work on a book titles “varieties and species”

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5
Q

Charles Darwin 1842

A

makes a pencil outline of his theory of “descent with modification”

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6
Q

Charles Darwin 1844

A

expands his sketch into an essay on the origin of species and natural selection
- Rejected scala naturae hierachy/ fixity of species
- relationship between the origin of new species and environmental adaptation

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7
Q

Charles Darwin 1859

A

published ideas about natural selection in a book titled the origin of species
- had been thinking about for a long time

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8
Q

Charles Darwin 1858

A

alfred russel wallace sends “on the tendancy of varieties to depart indefinitely from the original type” to darwin
- darwin thinks his lifes work is getting stolen
- papers by him and wallace were presented at the linnean society

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9
Q

alfred russel wallace

A
  • little formal education
  • was a surveyor, school master, civil engineer, insect collection
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10
Q

natural selection

A
  • an explanation for how evolution occurs
  • an evolutionary process that occurs when certain phenotypes confer an advantage or disadvantage in survival and/or reproductive success
  • beneficial traits increase in frequency over time due to different survival/reproduction of individuals with those traits
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11
Q

fundamentals of natural selection

A
  1. must be variation in inherited traits
  2. a trait must be heritable for selection to act on it
  3. differential survival due to competition
  • fitness is a relative measure that changes with the envirnment
  • can only act on traits that affect reproduction
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12
Q

speciation

A

evolutionary process that results in the formation of new species
- ex. natural selection where variants accumulate in a population and groups become extinct from ancestors

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13
Q

geographical isolation

A

as groups become isolated, they adapt to different environmental contexts, responses to diverse selective pressures may result in distince species

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14
Q

favourable traits

A

traits that help a species be more likely to survive and create offspring for next generation

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15
Q

environmental context

A

determines if trait is beneficial in that environment

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16
Q

what happens if more offspring are produced than resources

A

competition

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17
Q

examples of natural selection

A
  • selection pressures acted to drive beak evolution
  • birds with deeper beaks are more successful when there are droughts
  • birds with shallower beaks are more successful when climate is wet
  • fluctuations in beak length correlate to fluctuations in weather
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18
Q

types of selection

A

directional, stabilizing, disruptive

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19
Q

directional selection

A

the change in a phenotype or genotype of a population in one direction away from the mean (average) in a particular environment over time

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20
Q

stabilizing selection

A

a type of natural selection that favors individuals with average or moderate phenotypes, while selecting against extremes

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21
Q

disruptive selection

A

when more extreme phenotypes (or genotypes) within a population have a fitness advantage over intermediate individuals

22
Q

sexual selection

A

selection in relation to sexual reproduction
- traits that don’t enhance survival but enhance reproduction

23
Q

misconceptions of natural selection

A
  • ‘survival of the fittest’
  • social darwinism; differential reproductive success and descent with modification to social traits in humans
  • social improvement and removal of lesser class
24
Q

consequences of misconceptions of natural selection

A
  • the assertion that some individuals are superior to others based on biology
  • leads to eugenics, scientific racism, and early evolutionary anthropology
25
Q

presentism

A

interpreting past events with modern values
- politics of the past/present

26
Q

carolus linnaeus

A
  • taxonomy; description and classification of life forms
  • binomial nomenclature and the systema naturae; standardized genus and species
  • he is the type of speciment for our species
27
Q

what were the 4 types/varieties carolus linnaeus divided humans into

A
  • europaeus albus
  • americanus rubescens
  • asiaticus fuscus
  • africanus niger
28
Q

what were the two additional varieties added for physical and moral attributes

A
  • homo ferus
  • homo monstrosus
29
Q

what did the 6 classifications do

A

became the basis for scientific racism

30
Q

Georges-Louis Leclerc,
Comte de Buffon

A
  • greater age of the earth
  • regional variation in plants and animals
  • environmental alterations as agents of change
31
Q

what was Georges-Louis Leclerc,
Comte de Buffon the first to do

A

apply the term race to human varieties
- Laplander, tartar, south Asiatic, European, Ethiopian, American

32
Q

racial categories

A
  • race is a social construct; there are different groupings for different scientists
  • determined by cultural factors opposed to biological factors in many cases; place of origin, ‘cultural’ affiliation, religion, language, dress
33
Q

georges cuvier

A
  • extinction; fossils from extinct life forms
  • Catastrophism; fixity of species
  • had three racial categories; caucasoid, mongoloid, negroid
34
Q

sarah (saartjie) baartman

A
  • taken to england and displayed around europe
  • cuvier claimed her body for Musée de l’homme in paris
  • her body was cast, dissected and preserved
  • display of skeleton and body cast in france until 1974 and then finally repatriated to south africa in 2002
35
Q

ethnological expositions

A
  • human zoos; humans from other parts of the world were displayes at the world’s fairs in st. louis, paris
36
Q

darwin, wallace, and colleagues viewpoints

A
  • wallace; maybe natural selection not wholly accurate, due to perspectives on ‘savages’
  • haeckel; ‘explanation’ of human evolution, no fossils needed, 12 different species of living people
  • darwin; strong disagreement, but allies to discuss evolution
37
Q

edward tylor

A
  • british cultural anthropologist
  • separation of evolution and study of culture
  • all brains and cognition equal, accessing different learned information
  • culture as the product of historical process
38
Q

anthropometry and craniometry

A
  • difficult to categorize variation among humans
  • attempts to establish the ideal form
  • craniometry; believed that head size was associated with intelligence and criminality
39
Q

cephalic index

A
  • dolichocephalic
  • mesocephalic
  • brachycelphalic
40
Q

samuel morton

A
  • father of scientific racism
  • attempted to associate skull size with intellect and race
  • craniometry as a means of assessing these relationships
41
Q

stephen jay gould

A

the musmeasure of man
debate on mortons measurements

42
Q

paul mitchell

A
  • PLoS biology
  • inherent bias in research aims and conclusions
43
Q

franz boas

A
  • plasticity in cranial features
  • comparisons between immigrants and their children in new york
  • cultural or environmental influences on behaviour and morphology
  • differences in human behaviour not innately biological result of culture and social learning
  • opponent of scientific racism, biometric/craniometric methods
  • humans NOT well understood through typology
44
Q

eugenics

A
  • belief in innate differences between social classes, cultures, and races; human intelligence and behaviour hereditary, controlled reproduction to maximize ‘good’ traits
45
Q

francis galton

A
  • founded the eugenics society
  • ‘improvement’ by heredity
  • removal of ‘undesireables’
  • ‘nature vs nurture’
46
Q

eugenics; canada

A
  • nellie mcclung
  • suffragette and temperance adherent
  • famous five
  • campaigned for sterilization
47
Q

eugenics; US congress and supreme court

A
  • congress; restricted immigration of ‘feeble-minded races’ (including jewish and italian immigrants)
  • supreme court; involuntary sterilization of their ‘feeble-minded citizens’ acceptable
48
Q

joseph arthur de gobineau

A
  • developed the theory of the aryan master race
  • attempted to prove the superiority of nordic peoples
  • popular work in the nazi party
49
Q

what were eugenic ideas incorporated into

A
  • nazism
  • colonialism
  • apartheid in south africa
  • compulsory sterilization
50
Q

intelligence and IQ tests

A
  • connection between race and intelligence
  • binet-simon test
  • identification of students in need of alternative education
  • limitations; diversity of intelligence, issues with quantitative measure
  • used to test immigrants to identify ‘mentally deficient’
  • differences in ‘intelligence’ among minorities was interpreted as genetic variation in IQ
51
Q

legacy of anthropology

A
  • contributed to marginalization and inequities persisting through to today
  • racial categories; socially constructed, with real consequences
  • Marginalization and justification of practices towards certain groups
  • mistreatment and exclusion of people due to legacues of this history

ANT203 (12 decks)

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