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ANT203 > Modern Human Variation 2 > Flashcards

Modern Human Variation 2 Flashcards

1
Q

human adaptability

A
  • have high phenotypic diversity
  • however there is very little genetic diversity on modern H. sapiens; have less variation than closest primitive relatives despite larger population size
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2
Q

gene x environmental interactions

A
  • phenotypes result from genotype and environmental interactions
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3
Q

what is a driver of change in human adaptability

A
  • stress
  • homeostasis
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4
Q

homeostasis

A

any self-regulating process by which an organism tends to maintain stability while adjusting to conditions that are best for its survival

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5
Q

responding to external factors/challenges

A
  • behavioural
  • cultural
  • genetic
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6
Q

acclimatization

A
  • individual level
  • short term
  • Reversible
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7
Q

adaptation

A
  • population level
  • long term/evolutionary
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8
Q

Developmental/phenotypic plasticity of human adaptability

A
  • individual level
  • adaptive process
  • short-term or long-term
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9
Q

behavioural and cultural of human adaptability

A
  • population and individual level
  • long-term
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10
Q

growth and development

A
  • adaptation and plasticity
  • secular trends
  • developmental process and landmarks
  • growth; hyperplasia , hypertrophy
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11
Q

hyperplasia

A

a process that involves the increase in cell production in a normal tissue or organ, and can occur during development and maturation

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12
Q

hypertrophy

A

increase in size of cells or tissues in response to various stimuli, including exercise and injury

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13
Q

anthropometry

A

the scientific study of the measurements and proportions of the human body

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14
Q

scammon curves

A

tracking growth of different parts of the body

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15
Q

distance curves/height-for-age

A
  • a graph that shows the height or other growth achieved at a given age
  • growth reference standards; standard deviation
  • normal growth = 0 SD
    stunting = -2 SD or lower
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16
Q

weight for age curves

A
  • attainment of weight relative to age
  • growth reference standards
  • underweight = -2 SD
  • also measured relative to height; wasting, overweight
17
Q

endocrine system and hormones

A
  • cortisol
  • growth hormones (pituitary gland)
  • sex hormones (testosterone, estrogen)
18
Q

onset of puberty

A
  • 8-9 for females
  • 10-11 for males
  • development and emergency of secondary sexual characteristics
19
Q

factors that comprimize growth

A
  • nutrition; quality, quantity
  • stress; disease loads, psychosocial and socioeconomic stress
20
Q

developmental/phenotypic plasticity of growth and development

A
  • environmental influences
  • moderation of growth and development
  • variable responses between individuals
21
Q

nutrition in growth and development

A
  • macronutrient deficieny; kwashiorkor, marasmus
  • comprimises in height and weight; stunting, wasting
  • micronutrient deficiency; lack of vitamins and minerals
22
Q

Disease in growth and development

A
  • infectious disease ex. cholera
23
Q

stress in growth and development

A
  • psychosocial or socioeconomic stress
  • ex. marginalization, poverty
24
Q

genetic variation in growth and development

A
  • growth hormone deficiencies
  • excess growth
25
Q

can we recover after a negative episode?

A
  • catch-up growth
  • compensation varies with timing of stressors
26
Q

when is growth and development the most important

A
  • first 1000 days
  • critical window in terms of growth and development
  • early life influences have later life impacts
27
Q

climate

A
  • range of responses to climate variation; acclimation, adaptation
28
Q

cold stress acclimation

A
  • vasoconstriction to conserve hear
  • skin/hair reactions
  • shivering thermogenesis
  • hunting phenomenon
  • behaviour: cold mitigation/avoidance
29
Q

hunting phenomenom

A

phenomenon that occurs in the skin when it’s exposed to cold. It’s characterized by alternating vasoconstriction and vasodilation in the extremities

30
Q

heat stress acclimation

A
  • vasodilation; radiation, convection, conduction
  • sweating (evaporation)
31
Q

climate adaptation bergmann’s rule

A
  • size/body mass
  • animals adapted to colder climates are larger, while those adapted to warmer climates are smaller
32
Q

climate adaptation allen’a rule

A
  • shape/limb length
  • animals adapted to colder climates have shorter and thicker limbs compared to animals in warmer climates
33
Q

issues with bergmann’s and allen’s rule

A
  • katzmarzyk and leonard
  • was there research bias? northern hemisphere and wealthier countries
  • can change in nutrition also have effect

ex. edo individuals with a larger body size lose less heat from the hands than those with a smaller body size?
do individuals with more muscle mass or more fat mass lose less heat from the hands?
result: skeletal muscle mass relative to body mass was a highly significant predictor of heat loss, body/fat mass and stature were not

34
Q

altitude

A

changes at greater altitude have implications for human body functions; barometric pressure, hypoxia

35
Q

altitude sickness

A
  • hyperventilation
  • changed sleep patterns
  • increased urination
  • headache
  • loss of appetite
  • nausea
  • fatigue
36
Q

other challenges of altitude

A
  • uv radiation
  • cold temperature
  • low humidity
  • resource losses
37
Q

altitude acclimation

A
  • red blood cell numbers increase
  • haemoglobin encouraged to release more oxygen
  • increase in cardiac output
  • increase in capillary network
  • hyperventilation
  • cellular metabolic changes
38
Q

physiological adaptions of altitude in different climates

A
  • tibet: increased blood flow with low oxygen saturation
  • andes: respiration and haemoglobin increases
  • ethiopia: oxygen uptake and delivery

ANT203 (12 decks)

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