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GCSE History (Edexcel) - Medicine in Britain > The Medical Renaissance in England > Flashcards

The Medical Renaissance in England Flashcards

1
Q

What does Medical Renaissance mean?

A

Re-birth

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2
Q

Why was the Medical Renaissance the rebirth of medicine?

A

The Catholic Church started to lose some of its power and educated people began to experiment and ask new questions particularly about the human body

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3
Q

What did educated people begin to take interest in in the Medical Renaissance?

A

Ideas of Ancient Greece and Rome

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4
Q

The Medical Renaissance is remembered for its art with famous artists such as ________ __ _____ and ____________

A

Leonardo Da Vinci and Michelangelo

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5
Q

What technology was developed during the Medical Renaissance which allowed people to study tiny things?

A

The microscope

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6
Q

What did people study with microscopes?

A

Human cells, including sperm

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7
Q

True/False, the Medical Renaissance put an end to old beliefs about the causes of illness

A

False, lots of people still believed in causes of illness such as religious causes, miasma, astrology and the four humours

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8
Q

What did Leonardo Da Vinci Dissect?

A

Bodies

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9
Q

Leonardo Da Vinci discovered how the ___ worked

A

Eye

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10
Q

What did Leonardi Da Vinci draw?

A

Accurate pictures of the human body

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11
Q

Leonardo Da Vinci drew the first human ______

A

Embryo

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12
Q

Who were Leonardo Da Vinci’s drawings used by?

A

Physicians and Surgeons

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13
Q

Why were Leonardo Da Vinci’s drawings a huge improvement compared to Medieval drawings?

A

The Catholic Church had banned dissections in the Middle Ages - these new drawings were very important in developing medical knowledge

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14
Q

Who was Vesalius?

A

A Belgian who lived in Italy

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15
Q

What did Vesalius develop?

A

Knowledge of anatomy

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16
Q

Why were Vesalius’ discoveries important?

A

Was very important in showing how Galen had made mistakes

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17
Q

Galen had only dissected _______ whilst Vesalius dissected the bodies of _______ _________

A

animals, hanging criminals

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18
Q

Galen said the heart was divided by a septum with holes in the middle so blood could pass through. Vesalius proved…

A

there were no holes in the heart

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19
Q

Galen said the human lower jaw was made of 2 bones. Vesalius proved…

A

it was only 1 bone

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20
Q

Galen said the liver was made of 5 parts. Vesalius proved…

A

it was not divided into parts

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21
Q

What book did Vesalius write?

A

Fabric of the Human Body

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22
Q

When was Fabric of the Human Body written?

A

1543

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23
Q

What did the Fabric of the Human Body contain?

A

Superb drawings by some of the best Renaissance artists

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24
Q

What did Vesalius write in the Fabric of the Human Body which angered the Catholic Church?

A

He showed both men and women have the same number of ribs

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25
Q

Why did what Vesalius wrote in the Fabric of the Human Body anger the Catholic Church?

A

It went against the Church’s teachings that God had taken one of Adam’s ribs to create Eve

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26
Q

Did the Fabric of the Human Body have a large impact?

A

Yes - his writings influenced physicians all over Europe

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27
Q

Who was Harvey?

A

An English doctor who studied in Italy

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28
Q

Who was Harvey the surgeon of?

A

James I and Charles I

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29
Q

True/False: Harvey studied in the same place as Vesalius in Italy

A

True

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30
Q

Galen said veins carried blood and air. Harvey proved…

A

veins only carried blood

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31
Q

Galen said blood was constantly being made by the liver because the blood was used up as it travelled around the body. Harvey proved…

A

Blood circulates around the body and is pumped to the heart

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32
Q

Harvey proved through his experiments that the heart acts as a ____

A

pump

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33
Q

Harvey proved that blood is constantly being circulated around the body. The heart…

A

pumped the blood through the arteries and this blood is returned to the heart through the veins

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34
Q

How did Harvey prove that the heart acts as a pump?

A

Dissections

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35
Q

What did Harvey dissect to prove that the heart acts as a pump?

A

Frogs and criminals’ bodies

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36
Q

What did Harvey do to frogs to prove that the heart acts as a pump?

A

Study their hearts

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37
Q

What did Harvey do to criminals’ bodies to prove that the heart acts as a pump?

A

Pushing wires down veins to show there were valves in the veins that helped the blood flow

38
Q

Where did Harvey publish his discoveries?

A

His book

39
Q

What was Harvey’s book called?

A

On the Movement of the Heart and Blood in Animals

40
Q

True/False: Harvey’s discoveries made a massive difference to how patients were treated

A

False, many thought he was a bit crazy and it took more than 50 years for universities to teach Harvey’s ideas. Even though he made a breakthrough in knowledge of the anatomy, it didn’t change treatments or make anyone better

41
Q

Why did Physicians’ training improve?

A

As a result of Vesalius and Harvey, knew more about the workings of the human body

42
Q

Where did Physicians go to train?

A

Went to universities in England or Europe

43
Q

What did Physicians do at university?

A

Take part in dissections so their knowledge of the body was more accurate

44
Q

What technological developments were university students helped by?

A

The printing press and microscope

45
Q

Why was the printing press a significant technological development?

A

Could publish copies of medical books very quickly

46
Q

Who was the Royal Society founded by?

A

Charles II

47
Q

When was the Royal Society made?

A

1660

48
Q

What was encouraged as a result of the Royal Society?

A

New thinking in areas such as medicine

49
Q

Why was the Royal Society important?

A

It was important for publishing new ideas, encouraging doctors and scientists to make and share new discoveries and created a climate of learning

50
Q

What did Charles II have built in one of his palaces?

A

A labatory

51
Q

Charles II spent a lot of money on promoting _______

A

science

52
Q

What was the Royal Society founded with?

A

Money provided for new equipment and experiments

53
Q

Who did John Hunter give lectures to?

A

Doctors

54
Q

What did John Hunter give lectures about?

A

Anatomy

55
Q

What did John Hunter emphasise?

A

The importance of observing patients and experiments

56
Q

Who did John Hunter famously teach?

A

Edward Jenner

57
Q

What did John Hunter include in his books, similarly to Vesalius?

A

Artists to illustrate

58
Q

John Hunter improved understanding of…

A

Pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections

59
Q

What did Thomas Sydenham encourage?

A

Observations and experiments

60
Q

What did Thomas Sydenham say was the most important thing for a doctor to do?

A

Observe his patients

61
Q

Why did Thomas Sydenham encourage doctors to visit patients and keep records of their health and symptoms?

A

To help diagnose the illness

62
Q

What did Thomas Sydenham say about diseases?

A

Not always caused by an imbalance in the Four Humours

63
Q

True/False: Thomas Sydenham believed zodiac charts were a great idea

A

False, he did not believe that zodiac charts were a good idea

64
Q

What did Thomas Sydenham recommend instead of bleeding and purging?

A

Rest and a good diet

65
Q

Thomas Sydenham discovered _______ fever

A

scarlet

66
Q

What did Thomes Sydenham use for people with anaemia? (blood disorder)

A

Iron

67
Q

laudenum

A

A painkiller made from poppies

68
Q

True/False: Thomas Sydenham used laudenum

A

True

69
Q

Why was Thomas Sydenham known as the ‘English Hippocrates’?

A

Had a reputation for making patients get better

70
Q

True/False: Lots changed in terms of treatment from the Medieval times in the Medical Renaissance

A

False, very little changed

71
Q

Who were herbal remedies predominantly made by in the Medical Renaissance?

A

Women

72
Q

Were Apothecaries still around in the Medical Renaissance?

A

Yes

73
Q

True/False: Purging and bleeding continued in the Medical Renaissance

A

True, due to the belief of the Four Humours

74
Q

Why did the belief of the Four Humours continue during the Medical Renaissance?

A

New scientific knowledge was about anatomy and physiology, not the causes of illness

75
Q

Religion still had a big/small role in the Medical Renaissance

A

big

76
Q

true/False: People believed that being touched by the king could cure diseases in the Medical Renaissance

A

True, such as scrofula or the ‘King’s Evil’ (tuberculosis of the neck gland)

77
Q

True/False: Hospitals developed lots during the Medical Renaissance

A

False, they stayed the same.

78
Q

What did Henry VIII close down which had run many of the hospitals before the Medical Renaissance?

A

Monasteries

79
Q

What took on running hospitals after monasteries?

A

Town councils

80
Q

Hospitals were mainly a place to stay/receive treatment

A

stay

81
Q

St Batholomew’s in London was a notable exception to the way hospitals were run during the Medical Renaissance because…

A

Nurses gave herbal remedies and nursing helpers were employed to clean the wards

82
Q

Who did St Batholomew’s in London ban?

A

People who had infectious diseases

83
Q

True/False: St Batholomew’s in London continued with prayers

A

True

84
Q

Were Physicians cheap or expensive during the Medical Renaissance?

A

Expensive - people could never afford to see one

85
Q

One notable change during the Medical Renaissance was the invention of f______

A

forceps

86
Q

What did forceps do?

A

Helped deliver babies if they were stuck inside their mother

87
Q

What dangers came with using forceps?

A

Misuse caused damage and even death

88
Q

True/False: Anyone could get forceps

A

False, only rich women would have them

89
Q

Were midwives expensive during the Medical Renaissance?

A

Yes

90
Q

How did people who couldn’t afford forceps give birth?

A

With help from family or neighbours

GCSE History (Edexcel) - Medicine in Britain (5 decks)

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