The Medical Renaissance in England Flashcards
What does Medical Renaissance mean?
Re-birth
Why was the Medical Renaissance the rebirth of medicine?
The Catholic Church started to lose some of its power and educated people began to experiment and ask new questions particularly about the human body
What did educated people begin to take interest in in the Medical Renaissance?
Ideas of Ancient Greece and Rome
The Medical Renaissance is remembered for its art with famous artists such as ________ __ _____ and ____________
Leonardo Da Vinci and Michelangelo
What technology was developed during the Medical Renaissance which allowed people to study tiny things?
The microscope
What did people study with microscopes?
Human cells, including sperm
True/False, the Medical Renaissance put an end to old beliefs about the causes of illness
False, lots of people still believed in causes of illness such as religious causes, miasma, astrology and the four humours
What did Leonardo Da Vinci Dissect?
Bodies
Leonardo Da Vinci discovered how the ___ worked
Eye
What did Leonardi Da Vinci draw?
Accurate pictures of the human body
Leonardo Da Vinci drew the first human ______
Embryo
Who were Leonardo Da Vinci’s drawings used by?
Physicians and Surgeons
Why were Leonardo Da Vinci’s drawings a huge improvement compared to Medieval drawings?
The Catholic Church had banned dissections in the Middle Ages - these new drawings were very important in developing medical knowledge
Who was Vesalius?
A Belgian who lived in Italy
What did Vesalius develop?
Knowledge of anatomy
Why were Vesalius’ discoveries important?
Was very important in showing how Galen had made mistakes
Galen had only dissected _______ whilst Vesalius dissected the bodies of _______ _________
animals, hanging criminals
Galen said the heart was divided by a septum with holes in the middle so blood could pass through. Vesalius proved…
there were no holes in the heart
Galen said the human lower jaw was made of 2 bones. Vesalius proved…
it was only 1 bone
Galen said the liver was made of 5 parts. Vesalius proved…
it was not divided into parts
What book did Vesalius write?
Fabric of the Human Body
When was Fabric of the Human Body written?
1543
What did the Fabric of the Human Body contain?
Superb drawings by some of the best Renaissance artists
What did Vesalius write in the Fabric of the Human Body which angered the Catholic Church?
He showed both men and women have the same number of ribs
Why did what Vesalius wrote in the Fabric of the Human Body anger the Catholic Church?
It went against the Church’s teachings that God had taken one of Adam’s ribs to create Eve
Did the Fabric of the Human Body have a large impact?
Yes - his writings influenced physicians all over Europe
Who was Harvey?
An English doctor who studied in Italy
Who was Harvey the surgeon of?
James I and Charles I
True/False: Harvey studied in the same place as Vesalius in Italy
True
Galen said veins carried blood and air. Harvey proved…
veins only carried blood
Galen said blood was constantly being made by the liver because the blood was used up as it travelled around the body. Harvey proved…
Blood circulates around the body and is pumped to the heart
Harvey proved through his experiments that the heart acts as a ____
pump
Harvey proved that blood is constantly being circulated around the body. The heart…
pumped the blood through the arteries and this blood is returned to the heart through the veins
How did Harvey prove that the heart acts as a pump?
Dissections
What did Harvey dissect to prove that the heart acts as a pump?
Frogs and criminals’ bodies
What did Harvey do to frogs to prove that the heart acts as a pump?
Study their hearts
What did Harvey do to criminals’ bodies to prove that the heart acts as a pump?
Pushing wires down veins to show there were valves in the veins that helped the blood flow
Where did Harvey publish his discoveries?
His book
What was Harvey’s book called?
On the Movement of the Heart and Blood in Animals
True/False: Harvey’s discoveries made a massive difference to how patients were treated
False, many thought he was a bit crazy and it took more than 50 years for universities to teach Harvey’s ideas. Even though he made a breakthrough in knowledge of the anatomy, it didn’t change treatments or make anyone better
Why did Physicians’ training improve?
As a result of Vesalius and Harvey, knew more about the workings of the human body
Where did Physicians go to train?
Went to universities in England or Europe
What did Physicians do at university?
Take part in dissections so their knowledge of the body was more accurate
What technological developments were university students helped by?
The printing press and microscope
Why was the printing press a significant technological development?
Could publish copies of medical books very quickly
Who was the Royal Society founded by?
Charles II
When was the Royal Society made?
1660
What was encouraged as a result of the Royal Society?
New thinking in areas such as medicine
Why was the Royal Society important?
It was important for publishing new ideas, encouraging doctors and scientists to make and share new discoveries and created a climate of learning
What did Charles II have built in one of his palaces?
A labatory
Charles II spent a lot of money on promoting _______
science
What was the Royal Society founded with?
Money provided for new equipment and experiments
Who did John Hunter give lectures to?
Doctors
What did John Hunter give lectures about?
Anatomy
What did John Hunter emphasise?
The importance of observing patients and experiments
Who did John Hunter famously teach?
Edward Jenner
What did John Hunter include in his books, similarly to Vesalius?
Artists to illustrate
John Hunter improved understanding of…
Pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections
What did Thomas Sydenham encourage?
Observations and experiments
What did Thomas Sydenham say was the most important thing for a doctor to do?
Observe his patients
Why did Thomas Sydenham encourage doctors to visit patients and keep records of their health and symptoms?
To help diagnose the illness
What did Thomas Sydenham say about diseases?
Not always caused by an imbalance in the Four Humours
True/False: Thomas Sydenham believed zodiac charts were a great idea
False, he did not believe that zodiac charts were a good idea
What did Thomas Sydenham recommend instead of bleeding and purging?
Rest and a good diet
Thomas Sydenham discovered _______ fever
scarlet
What did Thomes Sydenham use for people with anaemia? (blood disorder)
Iron
laudenum
A painkiller made from poppies
True/False: Thomas Sydenham used laudenum
True
Why was Thomas Sydenham known as the ‘English Hippocrates’?
Had a reputation for making patients get better
True/False: Lots changed in terms of treatment from the Medieval times in the Medical Renaissance
False, very little changed
Who were herbal remedies predominantly made by in the Medical Renaissance?
Women
Were Apothecaries still around in the Medical Renaissance?
Yes
True/False: Purging and bleeding continued in the Medical Renaissance
True, due to the belief of the Four Humours
Why did the belief of the Four Humours continue during the Medical Renaissance?
New scientific knowledge was about anatomy and physiology, not the causes of illness
Religion still had a big/small role in the Medical Renaissance
big
true/False: People believed that being touched by the king could cure diseases in the Medical Renaissance
True, such as scrofula or the ‘King’s Evil’ (tuberculosis of the neck gland)
True/False: Hospitals developed lots during the Medical Renaissance
False, they stayed the same.
What did Henry VIII close down which had run many of the hospitals before the Medical Renaissance?
Monasteries
What took on running hospitals after monasteries?
Town councils
Hospitals were mainly a place to stay/receive treatment
stay
St Batholomew’s in London was a notable exception to the way hospitals were run during the Medical Renaissance because…
Nurses gave herbal remedies and nursing helpers were employed to clean the wards
Who did St Batholomew’s in London ban?
People who had infectious diseases
True/False: St Batholomew’s in London continued with prayers
True
Were Physicians cheap or expensive during the Medical Renaissance?
Expensive - people could never afford to see one
One notable change during the Medical Renaissance was the invention of f______
forceps
What did forceps do?
Helped deliver babies if they were stuck inside their mother
What dangers came with using forceps?
Misuse caused damage and even death
True/False: Anyone could get forceps
False, only rich women would have them
Were midwives expensive during the Medical Renaissance?
Yes
How did people who couldn’t afford forceps give birth?
With help from family or neighbours
