Medicine in Modern Britain Flashcards
At the start of the 20th Century, it was understood that ________ caused common illnesses
microbes/germs
At the start of the 20th Century, doctors diagnosed patients by…
observing their symptoms
Today, what is increasingly used for diagnosis?
Laboratory medicine through testing of samples and scans
How did scientific development help the understanding of causes of illness?
Had identified how lifestyle can affect health
Give 2 examples of how lifestyle can affect health
Any 2 from exercise, healthy eating, alcohol, tobacco, etc
Give 3 examples of technological improvements in medical equipment which have helped understanding of causes of illness today
Any 3 from x-ray machines, scanning machines, nuclear medicine, blood tests, etc
What are the benefits of using laboratorymedicine to diagnose illness?
It is much more accurate and quick than ever before
When was DNA discovered
1950s
The discovery of DNA led to…
an understanding of how people’s genes caused illnesses and diseases
The development of genetics had a major/minor impact on medicine
major
The development of genetics lead to the realisation that microbes…
do not cause all illnesses and diseases
The development of genetics lead to what discovery about the causes of illnesss and diseases?
Some babies are born with hereditary conditions passed on by their parents
In 1900, what did a German scientist called Mendel suggest?
That genes are inherited from parents
Why was Mendel’s suggestion about genes being inherited from parents dismissed in 1900?
He lacked the technology to prove it
When was DNA discovered?
1953
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic acid
Who made the model of DNA in 1953?
Watson and Crick
Watson and Crick used photographs and x-rays taken by who when researching DNA?
Wilkins and Franklin
What piece of technology had improved which helped Watson and Crick make their model of DNA?
microscopes
Watson and Crick said that DNA was shaped a…
double helix
What did Watson and Crick say DNA could do?
‘Unzip’ itself to make copies
Watson and Crick said that by studying a person’s DNA it could be used to identify what?
Parts that caused hereditary diseases
What does genome mean?
Complete set of DNA that contains all the genetic information to build a living thing
In a human genome there is more than _ billion DNA parts
3
With the Human Genome Project, scientists have mapped the human ______
genome
Why have scientists mapped the human genome with the Human Genome Project?
To find mistakes in the DNA of people who suffer hereditary diseases (such as haemophilia and certain types of breast cancer)
With the human genome project, scientists identified genes that cause…
Down’s syndrome, Parkinson’s disease and cystic fibrosis
Information found from the Human Genome Project is/is not able to treat diseases
Is not
Information found from the Human Genome Project helps find the _____ of diseases
Cause
If the cause of a disease is identified it may enable ways to…
prevent the disease from developing
If someone discovers they may have inherited a breast cancer gene from their mother, they may choose to…
have a mastectomy (their breasts removed)
What was the issue with using x-rays to capture images of DNA?
They were not clear enough
When were electron microscopes increasingly used?
The second half of the 20th century
What do electron microscopes use to illuminate the sample being examined?
A beam of electrons
Electron microscopes can magnify a sample up to how many times?
10,000,000
What is the difference in magnification between an ordinary microscope and an electron microscope?
An electron microscope can magnify up to 10,000,000 times whereas an ordinary microscope can only magnify up to 2,000 times
An ordinary microscope can only magnify up to how many times?
2,000
How did electron microscopes help scientists studying DNA?
Allowed them to see DNA and examine how it is formed
Much of the funding for DNA and genetic investigations in modern day has come from…
governments
What has been a large factor in the success of scientific research?
Collaboration
Why do teams of scientists share their research and work together?
To advance knowledge and understanding
True/False: 5 people have been continuously working on the Human Genome Project for years
False, it involved thousands of scientists from all over the world
The Human Genome project involved how many scientists, and from where?
Thousands, from all over the world
When was the NHS created?
1948
The NHS was created as a result of…
The Second World War and the Beveridge Report
Who was the NHS created by?
Aneurin Bevan - the Minister of Health
The NHS was described as a free health service from ‘the…
‘the cradle to the grave’
True/False: The NHS is a free health service
True
What was life like before the NHS?
Many people couldn’t afford to see a doctor or go to the dentist
What was the impact of the NHS?
Millions of people could get millions of things for the first time in their lives
Give 2 examples of things that people can get free on the NHS
Any 2 from their eyes tested, glasses, false teeth, etc
Treatments have gotten better/worse over the last few decades
better
Why have treatments gotten better over the last few decades?
As a result of improved understanding of the causes of illness
What treatments are available for conditions including stem cells?
Genetic treatments
The NHS provides ____ medical care
free
What were the first treatments that could cure diseases by killing microbes?
Magic bullets
What was the first antibiotic to cure diseases and infection?
Penicillin
Give 2 examples of modern treatments
Any 2 from blood transfusions, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, etc
There have been huge improvements in surgery over the last few decades because of…
technological inventions and better medical knowledge
____ parts of the body in modern day can be transplanted
Many
In the modern day, how long can operations last for?
Many hours
Where can operations happen?
Any part of the body
Give 2 examples of surgery that happen on different parts of the body
Keyhole surgery and transplant operations
Why are machines important in modern day surgery?
Can help keep patients alive and help them recover
At the start of the 20th century, what were private hospitals?
Hospitals for the wealthy
At the start of the 20th century, where would the poor go to be cared for and treated?
Charitable hospitals
At the start of the 20th century there were __________ _________ which offered basic care and treatment
charitable hospitals
At the start of the 20th century, where did the wealthy go to get treated?
Private hospitals
What was the turning point for Hospitals in the 20th century?
The NHS
Who does the NHS cover?
Every person in Britain
What does the NHS entitle every person in Britain to?
Free treatment including hospital treatment and operations
True/False: The NHS does not cover hospital treatment and operations
False, it does
What are doctors also known as in modern day?
GPs
Who are doctors paid by in present day?
The government
What system do doctors work within in present day?
A free healthcare system
_______ can refer patients to hospital for tests in present day
Doctors
Doctors can prescribe medicines that are free/costly to many patients
free
True/False: In present day, some patients have to pay prescription charges for medication
True
Doctors’ understanding of causes and treatments of illness is far better/worse in present day than in 1900
better
True/False: In present day, doctors are only male
False, they can be male and female
True/False: In 1900, doctors were mostly female
False, only a few doctors would have been female in 1900
Due to changes made in the 19th Century, all doctors have to be registered with…
The General Medical Council
Doctors are likely to try to _______ illness
prevent
How does the NHS promote healthier living to prevent illness?
By giving life advice
Give 3 things that the NHS give life advice about to promote healthier living
Any 3 from sexual health, healthy eating, anti-smoking, alcohol and cancer
Give an example of something within sexual health that the NHS may give life advice on
Any from chlamydia, HIV/AIDS, etc
When considering healthy eating, what may doctors under the NHS consider to their patients?
Eating a high-fibre diet or eating lots of fresh fruit/vegetables
Doctors under the NHS may try and encourage their patients to eat ‘_ a day’
5
The NHS aims to prevent illness by doing tests to detect illnesses before…
they get too advanced
Give 3 examples of diseases which there have been vaccinations developed for
Any 3 from TB, diptheria, tetanus, whooping cough, polio, measles, rubella, cervical cencer
Mass ___________ campaigns have been developed lots under the NHS
vaccination
