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GCSE History (Edexcel) - Medicine in Britain > Medicine in Modern Britain > Flashcards

Medicine in Modern Britain Flashcards

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1
Q

At the start of the 20th Century, it was understood that ________ caused common illnesses

A

microbes/germs

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2
Q

At the start of the 20th Century, doctors diagnosed patients by…

A

observing their symptoms

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3
Q

Today, what is increasingly used for diagnosis?

A

Laboratory medicine through testing of samples and scans

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4
Q

How did scientific development help the understanding of causes of illness?

A

Had identified how lifestyle can affect health

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5
Q

Give 2 examples of how lifestyle can affect health

A

Any 2 from exercise, healthy eating, alcohol, tobacco, etc

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6
Q

Give 3 examples of technological improvements in medical equipment which have helped understanding of causes of illness today

A

Any 3 from x-ray machines, scanning machines, nuclear medicine, blood tests, etc

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7
Q

What are the benefits of using laboratorymedicine to diagnose illness?

A

It is much more accurate and quick than ever before

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8
Q

When was DNA discovered

A

1950s

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9
Q

The discovery of DNA led to…

A

an understanding of how people’s genes caused illnesses and diseases

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10
Q

The development of genetics had a major/minor impact on medicine

A

major

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11
Q

The development of genetics lead to the realisation that microbes…

A

do not cause all illnesses and diseases

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12
Q

The development of genetics lead to what discovery about the causes of illnesss and diseases?

A

Some babies are born with hereditary conditions passed on by their parents

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13
Q

In 1900, what did a German scientist called Mendel suggest?

A

That genes are inherited from parents

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14
Q

Why was Mendel’s suggestion about genes being inherited from parents dismissed in 1900?

A

He lacked the technology to prove it

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15
Q

When was DNA discovered?

A

1953

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16
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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17
Q

Who made the model of DNA in 1953?

A

Watson and Crick

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18
Q

Watson and Crick used photographs and x-rays taken by who when researching DNA?

A

Wilkins and Franklin

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19
Q

What piece of technology had improved which helped Watson and Crick make their model of DNA?

A

microscopes

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20
Q

Watson and Crick said that DNA was shaped a…

A

double helix

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21
Q

What did Watson and Crick say DNA could do?

A

‘Unzip’ itself to make copies

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22
Q

Watson and Crick said that by studying a person’s DNA it could be used to identify what?

A

Parts that caused hereditary diseases

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23
Q

What does genome mean?

A

Complete set of DNA that contains all the genetic information to build a living thing

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24
Q

In a human genome there is more than _ billion DNA parts

A

3

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25
Q

With the Human Genome Project, scientists have mapped the human ______

A

genome

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26
Q

Why have scientists mapped the human genome with the Human Genome Project?

A

To find mistakes in the DNA of people who suffer hereditary diseases (such as haemophilia and certain types of breast cancer)

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27
Q

With the human genome project, scientists identified genes that cause…

A

Down’s syndrome, Parkinson’s disease and cystic fibrosis

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28
Q

Information found from the Human Genome Project is/is not able to treat diseases

A

Is not

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29
Q

Information found from the Human Genome Project helps find the _____ of diseases

A

Cause

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30
Q

If the cause of a disease is identified it may enable ways to…

A

prevent the disease from developing

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31
Q

If someone discovers they may have inherited a breast cancer gene from their mother, they may choose to…

A

have a mastectomy (their breasts removed)

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32
Q

What was the issue with using x-rays to capture images of DNA?

A

They were not clear enough

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33
Q

When were electron microscopes increasingly used?

A

The second half of the 20th century

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34
Q

What do electron microscopes use to illuminate the sample being examined?

A

A beam of electrons

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35
Q

Electron microscopes can magnify a sample up to how many times?

A

10,000,000

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36
Q

What is the difference in magnification between an ordinary microscope and an electron microscope?

A

An electron microscope can magnify up to 10,000,000 times whereas an ordinary microscope can only magnify up to 2,000 times

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37
Q

An ordinary microscope can only magnify up to how many times?

A

2,000

38
Q

How did electron microscopes help scientists studying DNA?

A

Allowed them to see DNA and examine how it is formed

39
Q

Much of the funding for DNA and genetic investigations in modern day has come from…

A

governments

40
Q

What has been a large factor in the success of scientific research?

A

Collaboration

41
Q

Why do teams of scientists share their research and work together?

A

To advance knowledge and understanding

42
Q

True/False: 5 people have been continuously working on the Human Genome Project for years

A

False, it involved thousands of scientists from all over the world

43
Q

The Human Genome project involved how many scientists, and from where?

A

Thousands, from all over the world

44
Q

When was the NHS created?

A

1948

45
Q

The NHS was created as a result of…

A

The Second World War and the Beveridge Report

46
Q

Who was the NHS created by?

A

Aneurin Bevan - the Minister of Health

47
Q

The NHS was described as a free health service from ‘the…

A

‘the cradle to the grave’

48
Q

True/False: The NHS is a free health service

A

True

49
Q

What was life like before the NHS?

A

Many people couldn’t afford to see a doctor or go to the dentist

50
Q

What was the impact of the NHS?

A

Millions of people could get millions of things for the first time in their lives

51
Q

Give 2 examples of things that people can get free on the NHS

A

Any 2 from their eyes tested, glasses, false teeth, etc

52
Q

Treatments have gotten better/worse over the last few decades

A

better

53
Q

Why have treatments gotten better over the last few decades?

A

As a result of improved understanding of the causes of illness

54
Q

What treatments are available for conditions including stem cells?

A

Genetic treatments

55
Q

The NHS provides ____ medical care

A

free

56
Q

What were the first treatments that could cure diseases by killing microbes?

A

Magic bullets

57
Q

What was the first antibiotic to cure diseases and infection?

A

Penicillin

58
Q

Give 2 examples of modern treatments

A

Any 2 from blood transfusions, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, etc

59
Q

There have been huge improvements in surgery over the last few decades because of…

A

technological inventions and better medical knowledge

60
Q

____ parts of the body in modern day can be transplanted

A

Many

61
Q

In the modern day, how long can operations last for?

A

Many hours

62
Q

Where can operations happen?

A

Any part of the body

63
Q

Give 2 examples of surgery that happen on different parts of the body

A

Keyhole surgery and transplant operations

64
Q

Why are machines important in modern day surgery?

A

Can help keep patients alive and help them recover

65
Q

At the start of the 20th century, what were private hospitals?

A

Hospitals for the wealthy

66
Q

At the start of the 20th century, where would the poor go to be cared for and treated?

A

Charitable hospitals

67
Q

At the start of the 20th century there were __________ _________ which offered basic care and treatment

A

charitable hospitals

68
Q

At the start of the 20th century, where did the wealthy go to get treated?

A

Private hospitals

69
Q

What was the turning point for Hospitals in the 20th century?

A

The NHS

70
Q

Who does the NHS cover?

A

Every person in Britain

71
Q

What does the NHS entitle every person in Britain to?

A

Free treatment including hospital treatment and operations

72
Q

True/False: The NHS does not cover hospital treatment and operations

A

False, it does

73
Q

What are doctors also known as in modern day?

A

GPs

74
Q

Who are doctors paid by in present day?

A

The government

75
Q

What system do doctors work within in present day?

A

A free healthcare system

76
Q

_______ can refer patients to hospital for tests in present day

A

Doctors

77
Q

Doctors can prescribe medicines that are free/costly to many patients

A

free

78
Q

True/False: In present day, some patients have to pay prescription charges for medication

A

True

79
Q

Doctors’ understanding of causes and treatments of illness is far better/worse in present day than in 1900

A

better

80
Q

True/False: In present day, doctors are only male

A

False, they can be male and female

81
Q

True/False: In 1900, doctors were mostly female

A

False, only a few doctors would have been female in 1900

82
Q

Due to changes made in the 19th Century, all doctors have to be registered with…

A

The General Medical Council

83
Q

Doctors are likely to try to _______ illness

A

prevent

84
Q

How does the NHS promote healthier living to prevent illness?

A

By giving life advice

85
Q

Give 3 things that the NHS give life advice about to promote healthier living

A

Any 3 from sexual health, healthy eating, anti-smoking, alcohol and cancer

86
Q

Give an example of something within sexual health that the NHS may give life advice on

A

Any from chlamydia, HIV/AIDS, etc

87
Q

When considering healthy eating, what may doctors under the NHS consider to their patients?

A

Eating a high-fibre diet or eating lots of fresh fruit/vegetables

88
Q

Doctors under the NHS may try and encourage their patients to eat ‘_ a day’

A

5

89
Q

The NHS aims to prevent illness by doing tests to detect illnesses before…

A

they get too advanced

90
Q

Give 3 examples of diseases which there have been vaccinations developed for

A

Any 3 from TB, diptheria, tetanus, whooping cough, polio, measles, rubella, cervical cencer

91
Q

Mass ___________ campaigns have been developed lots under the NHS

A

vaccination

GCSE History (Edexcel) - Medicine in Britain (5 decks)

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