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GCSE History (Edexcel) - Medicine in Britain > Medicine in Medieval England > Flashcards

Medicine in Medieval England Flashcards

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1
Q

What were the religious beliefs towards illness in Medieval England?

A

Illness was punishment for sins

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2
Q

Why did many people believe that illness was caused by God or the Devil in Medieval England?

A

Because the Catholic Church was so powerful

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3
Q

What did many Doctors consult when diagnosing illness in Medieval England?

A

Star charts

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4
Q

Why did Doctors consult star charts in Medieval England?

A

Believed that constellations of stars/movement of planets could affect a person’s health

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5
Q

Miasma

A

The idea that bad smells were breathed in and made people ill

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6
Q

What was miasma caused by?

A

Poisonous vapours in the air

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7
Q

Theory of the Four _______

A

Humours

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8
Q

Name 3 of the four humours

A

Any 3 from blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile

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9
Q

In the name the four humours, what is meant by the world “humours”?

A

Liquids

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10
Q

The theory of the four humours was an Ancient _____ belief

A

Greek

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11
Q

What did the theory of the four humours mean?

A

If the four humours were out of balance, this would make someone ill

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12
Q

What was yellow bile?

A

Vomit

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13
Q

What was black bile?

A

Probably blood in vomit

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14
Q

What were the religious treatments in Medieval England?

A

Praying and going on a pilgrimage to a religious shrine

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15
Q

Why did lots of ill people pray in Medieval England?

A

They believed it would show God that they were sorry for their sins and should not be punished

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16
Q

True/False: Doctors consulted zodiac charts when deciding how to treat a patient

A

True, they would decide how to treat, or not to treat, certain parts of the body based on the positions of stars and planets

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17
Q

Why did people in Medieval England try to avoid bad smells?

A

Because of the theory of miasma.

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18
Q

How would people in Medieval England try and avoid bad smells?

A

By holding something like a posy of flowers or a cloth containing herbs in front of their face so the nice smell prevented the bad smell from being breathed in

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19
Q

What was the Theory of Opposites?

A

A theory that stated if a body’s humours were out of balance then an ‘opposite’ treatment would make them better

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20
Q

Who made the theory of opposites?

A

Galen, he had written a book in Ancient Roman times

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21
Q

According to the Theory of Opposites, what should someone do if they have a runny nose/cold?

A

They should eat something such as pepper - as hot and spicy food makes people’s noses run they thought this was removing excess phlegm therefore getting back into ‘balance’

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22
Q

Give 3 of the four main types of medicine in Medieval England.

A

Any 3 from warming, cooling, moistening and drying

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23
Q

Where did lots of medical knowledge in Medieval England come from?

A

Ancient Greek books by Hippocrates and Galen

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24
Q

Why did people take urine samples in Medieval England?

A

To examine the urine when it was warm and cold, smell it and check it against a urine chart

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25
Q

What kind of things did people observe when trying to diagnose patients in Medieval England?

A

Take urine samples, examine blood, take patient’s pulse and examine someone’s excrement

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26
Q

True/False: the theory of opposites was not used to treat patients in Medieval England.

A

False

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27
Q

What “v___ m____” was the name for books that were used to treat patients in Medieval England?

A

vane mecum

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28
Q

Did vane mecum contain urine charts?

A

Yes

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29
Q

Did vane mecum contain zodiac charts?

A

Yes

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30
Q

What treatment included in vane mecum consisten of use of leeches?

A

Bleeding to reduce excess or ‘bad’ blood. This was very common. Sometimes, instead of a leech, a vein would be cut and the blood collected in a bowl

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31
Q

Why was purging a recommended treatment in Medieval England?

A

To reduce excess bile.

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32
Q

What would doctors give patients to make them vomit up excess bile?

A

An emetic

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33
Q

What was an enema in Medieval England?

A

A liquid mixture squirted up a patient’s bottom to make them go to the toilet

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34
Q

Enemas were used by doctors and ____________

A

Apothecaries

35
Q

How many trained physicians were there in 1300?

A

Only 100 in England

36
Q

What kind of advice did wealthy clients get on staying healthy to prevent illness in Medieval England?

A

Regular washing, cleaning teeth, combing hair, exercise and bathing

37
Q

What method beginning with an R was available only for the rich about living a healthy life in Medieval England?

A

Regimen Sanitatis

38
Q

Who did the Regimen Sanitatis method come from?

A

Hippocrates and Galen

39
Q

What was Regimen Sanitatis?

A

A Set of instructions from physicians that told patients how they should live a healthy life

40
Q

Give 3 things Regimen Sanitatis advised patients?

A

Any 3 from not to overeat, take regular exercise, get lots of sleep, breathe clean air, don’t live too close to animals and regular purging of the bowels. Also regular washing including visits to a public bathhouse

41
Q

How were the rich advised to regularly purge their bowels?

A

By taking laxatives or having enemas

42
Q

Who were most people treated by in Medieval England?

A

Women

43
Q

What were some women known as in Medieval England?

A

‘wise women’

44
Q

What did ‘wise women’ have knowledge about?

A

Herbal remedies

45
Q

True/False: Apothecaries were extremely unpopular

A

False, they were very popular

46
Q

What was the Leechbook of Bald?

A

A book that Apothecaries sometimes consulted. Leach means healer

47
Q

What did Apothecaries make medicines from?

A

Plants and herbs

48
Q

True/False: Apothecaries sometimes gave herbal/plant remedies made from wine and honey

A

True

49
Q

Did Apothecaries’ medicines have any success?

A

Some had some success (garlic can kill bacteria, poppies and willow can help reduce pain

50
Q

How did Apothecaries treat warts?

A

With a toad

51
Q

How did Apothecaries treat boils?

A

With half a freshly killed pigeon

52
Q

How did Apothecaries treat fainting?

A

With the smoke from burnt feathers

53
Q

How did Apothecaries treat toothache?

A

With a candle - held by the tooth to make worms fall out the tooth

54
Q

Did barber surgeons study at university?

A

No - trained as apprentices through observing others

55
Q

What did barber surgeons do?

A

They would cut hair and shave people, but also do minor surgery

56
Q

True/False: Barber Surgeons did NOT use any antiseptic or anaesthetic

A

True, no antiseptic or anaesthetic were used

57
Q

What kind of surgery did barber surgeons do?

A

Tooth extractions, boil lancing, bleeding, setting broken bones and even amputations

58
Q

True/False: All towns had clean drinking water in Medieval England

A

False, some towns tried to through pipes and public latrines to try and reduce the amount of filth

59
Q

Latrines

A

Toilets

60
Q

Who did some towns employ to clean the streets?

A

Rakers and people to empty cesspits of human waste

61
Q

What problem did towns have involving waste and manure?

A

Waste from slaughterhouses and horse manure littered the streets because the main method of transport was horse and cart

62
Q

Why were monasteries very important places in Medieval England?

A

Had copies of books by Hippocrates and Galen

63
Q

Were anaesthetic and antiseptic used in Medieval England?

A

No

64
Q

What areas of the body did surgeons in Medieval England focus on?

A

The surface of the body or repairing wounds

65
Q

Why were the royal surgeon and surgeons employed by the army more skilled?

A

Because of their experience

66
Q

How did King Henry V’s surgeon remove an arrow from his head?

A

Used honey and clean linen to dress the wound and prevent infection

67
Q

Who were hospitals ran by in Medieval England?

A

Monks and nuns

68
Q

How many hospitals did the Catholic Church build in the 13th Century?

A

160

69
Q

Why did the Catholic Church build so many hospitals in the 13th Century?

A

To look after patient’s spirituality - it was believed this was the path to better help

70
Q

Who did Hospitals in Medieval England care for?

A

Pregnant women, elderly people, orphans, disabled people and travellers

71
Q

True/False: In Medieval England, if someone was really ill they would go to hospital

A

False, they would be cared for at home by family or neighbours

72
Q

What were the main treatments in hospitals in Medieval England?

A

Praying and being taught about the bible

73
Q

Why were private hospitals set up in Medieval England?

A

For guild members and those who could afford to pay for a bed

74
Q

Was there any real treatment in private hospitals in Medieval England?

A

No

75
Q

Lazars

A

Leper hospitals

76
Q

What were leper hospitals for?

A

Leprosy victims

77
Q

Leprosy

A

Caused a person’s skin, toes and fingers to be eaten away and it was a slow and painful death

78
Q

What was the religious attitude towards leprosy in Medieval England?

A

This was evidence of a punishment from God

79
Q

What did leper hospitals do in Medieval England?

A

Didn’t treat the victims - only provided meals and a bed

80
Q

Why were leper hospitals build on the edge of towns?

A

To keep lepers away from the towns

81
Q

Who were almshouses built for?

A

Pregnant women, the poor, sick and elderly

82
Q

What treatment did almshouses offer?

A

Monks gave herbal remedies and the main form of treatment was prayer- offered no real treatment

83
Q

Who were almshouses built by?

A

The Church

84
Q

Why did almshouses offer no real treatment?

A

Believed only God could heal

GCSE History (Edexcel) - Medicine in Britain (5 decks)

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