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GCSE History (Edexcel) - Medicine in Britain > Medicine in 18th and 19th Century Britain > Flashcards

Medicine in 18th and 19th Century Britain Flashcards

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1
Q

What did Van Leeuwenhoek discover in the 1600s?

A

Tiny creatures called ‘animalcules’

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2
Q

What did people think about Van Leeuwenhoek’s discovery?

A

Nobody thought these could cause disease

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3
Q

Who was Louis Pasteur?

A

A french scientist

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4
Q

Louis Pasteur’s theory was called the ‘____ Theory’

A

Germ

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5
Q

What did Louis Pasteur find out?

A

Found out that if he heated liquids it would kill germs

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6
Q

What kind of liquids did Louis Pasteur heat?

A

Alcoholic drinks and milk

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7
Q

What did Louis Pasteur’s process of heating liquids become known as?

A

Pasteurisation

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8
Q

What did Louis Pasteur prove about silkworms?

A

They were killed by a disease spread by germs in the air

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9
Q

True/False: ‘Germ Theory’ was not very important

A

False, it was the biggest turning-point in the history of understanding the causes of disease

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10
Q

Was everyone’s attitude towards Louis Pasteur’s ‘Germ Theory’ positive?

A

No, some people thought it was crazy

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11
Q

What was Robert Koch inspired by?

A

Pasteur’s ‘Germ Theory’

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12
Q

What did Koch discover?

A

Bacteria that caused specific diseases such as anthrax, tuberculosis (TB) and cholera

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13
Q

True/False: Koch’s discoveries prompted Pasteur to retire

A

False, they prompted Pasteur to do more experiments

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14
Q

What did Louis Pasteur discover vaccines for after Koch’s discovery?

A

Chicken cholera and rabies

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15
Q

What did Koch and Pasteur’s discoveries lead to?

A

Other scientists discovering the germs that caused many diseases (typhus, tetanus, meningitis, plague)

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16
Q

How important were Pasteur and Koch for scientific knowledge and understanding?

A

They were incredibly important to scientific knowledge and understanding - the effect of their discoveries and their influence was even more significant in the 20th Century

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17
Q

True/False: John Hunter and Thomas Sydenham’s impact on physician’s training was only short term and ended before the 18th century

A

False, physician’s training continued to improve after the Renaissance

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18
Q

What did aspiring physicians have to join?

A

A royal college

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19
Q

Give an example of one of the Royal Colleges

A

The Royal College of Surgeons

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20
Q

What did training physicians have to do in the 1800s?

A

Sit an examination to gain their medical certificate

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21
Q

What was the General Medical Council?

A

Somethin gthat was set up to register all doctors

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22
Q

When was the General Medical Council set up?

A

1858

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23
Q

Give examples of the things doctors would do in their training during the 18th and 19th century

A

Go to university, learn anatomy, read medical books and do work experience in hospitals

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24
Q

True/False: Doctors’ treatment for patients did not improve during the 18th and 19th century

A

True, it was still very similar to the treatments of the Medieval and Renaissance times

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25
Q

Who were ‘quacks’?

A

Salesmen who falsely claimed their medicines could cure all sorts of illneses

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26
Q

What did ‘quacks’ sell?

A

‘Patent medicines’ and ‘cure-alls’

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27
Q

What were ‘patent medicines’ and ‘cure-alls’ made from?

A

Lard, wax, soap, turpentine and spices

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28
Q

True/False: ‘patent medicines’ and ‘cure-alls’ had major medical benefits

A

False, had no medical benefit whatsoever

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29
Q

‘patent medicines’ and ‘cure-alls’ were very popular/unpopular

A

popular

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30
Q

True/False: During the 18th and 19th century, hospitals transitioned to being used more for medical treatment rather than being religious/spiritual places

A

True

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31
Q

Who developed one of the first anaesthetics?

A

James Simpson

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32
Q

What was one of the first anaesthetics called?

A

Chloroform

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33
Q

What did James Simpson discover chloroform would do?

A

Help ‘knock out’ patients

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34
Q

Who was chloroform often used by?

A

Wealthy pregnant women

35
Q

Who famously used chloroform?

A

Queen Victoria

36
Q

True/False: Chloroform was used for minor operations

A

True, operations such as toe-nail removal and tooth extraction used chloroform

37
Q

Was the attitude towards chloroform all positive?

A

No - some patients died and some said God intended women to suffer pain when giving birth

38
Q

What were small cottage hospitals?

A

Hospitals where doctors treated patients

39
Q

What were voluntary hospitals?

A

Where doctors would provide free treatment

40
Q

How many voluntary hospitals were in london in the 18th and 19th century?

A

18

41
Q

Would poor people be treated at voluntary hospitals?

A

Only if they were lucky

42
Q

Who were private hospitals for?

A

The wealthy

43
Q

Where did most rich people go to get treated?

A

Nowhere - they would mostly be treated at home

44
Q

What was the Poor Law?

A

A law that stated that poor people who couldn’t support themselves had to go to the local workhouse

45
Q

Did poor people receive much treatment before the 1860s?

A

No, they received little or no treatment

46
Q

What happened in 1860 which changed the attitude towards the poor?

A

London had its first Poor Law Union hospital for the poor

47
Q

Who was the Poor Law Union hospital paid for by?

A

Rate-payers

48
Q

What were built in the 1860s to help people with mental health issues?

A

Asylums

49
Q

True/False: By 1900, ideas of better treatment towards the poor and building asylums were spread so that lots of cities had similar help for the poor

A

True

50
Q

When did Hospitals/Nursing start drastically improving?

A

The second half of the 19th century

51
Q

When did Florence Nightingale develop her nursing skills?

A

During the Crimean War in the 1850s

52
Q

What was Florence Nightingale’s nickname?

A

‘Lady of the Lamp’

53
Q

What did Florence Nightingale believe about the cause of disease?

A

Believed that disease was caused by dirty conditions because they created miasma

54
Q

Florence Nightingale sent an ___ page report to ___ __________

A

800, the government

55
Q

What did Florence Nightingale demand in her report?

A

Changes to hospitals in Britain

56
Q

What was Florence Nightingale’s book called?

A

‘Notes on Nursing’

57
Q

What did Florence Nightingale’s book say about training for nurses?

A

Said nurses should have medical training

58
Q

What did Florence Nightingale set up in London?

A

Set up a nurse training school at London hospital

59
Q

Florence Nightingale said hospitals should be _____ with lots of _____ air

A

clean, fresh

60
Q

Why did Florence Nightingale say hospitals should be clean with lots of fresh air?

A

To prevent bad smells

61
Q

Did Florence Nightingale have a major impact on the design of hospitals?

A

Yes - this changed the design of hospitals

62
Q

Florence Nightingale’s influence didn’t just improve treatment but also helped prevent _______

A

disease

63
Q

Who developed antiseptic?

A

Joseph Lister

64
Q

How did Joseph Lister start developing antiseptic?

A

Started using carbolic acid in a pump

65
Q

When did Lister start using carbolic acid in a pump?

A

1867

66
Q

Why did Lister start using carbolic acid in a pump?

A

To spray onto the patient, surgeon’s hands and tools

67
Q

What did the use of carbolic acid result in?

A

Fewer infections and fewer deaths

68
Q

True/False: Only minor operations were possible by the end of the 1800s

A

False, successful operations inside the body such as an appendectomy could occur

69
Q

When were rubber gloves worn for the first time during operations?

A

By the end of the 1800s

70
Q

What did inoculation involve in the 18th and 19th century?

A

Smallpox pus being spread on skin

71
Q

Was inoculation always successful in the 18th and 19th century?

A

No - some people died and an inoculated person could spread disease

72
Q

Who was Edward Jenner?

A

A doctor from Gloucestershire

73
Q

What did Edward Jenner discover?

A

The first vaccine

74
Q

How did Edward Jenner discover the first vaccine?

A

He found that if someone was given pus from cowpox sores in a cut in their arm they would develop cowpox but recover - he cut patients’ arms and rubbed pus from deadly smallpox sores and found the patients were immune

75
Q

What did Jenner’s research lead him to realise about cowpox and smallpox’s relationship?

A

Realised that cowpox helped prevent smallpox

76
Q

Why could Edward Jenner not give a full scientific explanation to what he had discovered?

A

Because Pasteur’s Germ Theory wasn’t published until 1861

77
Q

Why did Jenner call it a vaccination?

A

The Latin word for cow is ‘vacca’

78
Q

What happened to towns and cities during the Industrial Revolution in terms of population?

A

They grew rapidly and this led to overcrowding and epidemics of deadly diseases due to filthy conditions

79
Q

What were built during the Industrial Revolution in the 1800s because of outbreaks of cholera that killed thousands of people all over Britain?

A

Sewers and clean drinking water was provided

80
Q

What was sewers being built and clean drinking water being provided important for?

A

Development of public health

81
Q

How were sewers and clean drinking water paid for?

A

Taxes - this was made compulsory by the Parliament

82
Q

When was the Public Health Act?

A

1875

83
Q

Why was the Public Health Act so important?

A

It was a huge change in the prevention of disease

GCSE History (Edexcel) - Medicine in Britain (5 decks)

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