The Measure of Mind: Methods of Psychology

Question 1

case study

Answer 1

this is the in-depth analysis of the behaviour of one person or a small number of people.

Question 2

control group

Answer 2

These are the subjects in an experimental study who do not receive the treatment being investigated. They are the group that experience all experimental procedures with the exception of exposure to the independent variable.

Question 3

correlation coefficient

Answer 3

This is a statistical index ranging from -1.00 to +1.00 that indicates how strongly a pair of variables are associated.

Question 4

correlation research

Answer 4

This is a non-experimental study that quantifies the degree to which events, measures or variables are associated

Question 5

dependent variable

Answer 5

this is the element of an experiment that measures any effect of an independent variable (manipulation). It shows the result part of the hypothesis.

Question 6

descriptive statistics

Answer 6

this is the mathematical summaries of results such as measures of the average and amount of variation.

Question 7

double-blind procedure

Answer 7

this is research in which neither the observer nor the subjects know which subjects received the treatments.

A research design that controls for placebo effects in which neither the participant nor the experimenter observing the participant knows whether the participant was given an active substance or treatment or a placebo.

Question 8

science

Answer 8

It is the method of learning about reality through systematic observation and experimentation.

Question 9

objectivity

Answer 9

This is the practise of basing conclusions on facts, without the influence of personal emotion and bias.

Question 10

confirmation bias

Answer 10

this is the tendency to notice and remember instances that support your beliefs more than instances that contradict them.

Question 11

critical thinking

Answer 11

This is the ability to think clearly, rationally and independently.

Question 12

theories

Answer 12

These are a set of facts and relationships between facts that can explain and predict related phenomena.

These are comprehensive explanations of observable events.

Question 13

hypothesis

Answer 13

This is a proposed explanation for a situation, usually taking the form: “if A happens, then B would be the result”.

this is the predicted outcome of an experiment or an educated guess about the relationship between variables.

Question 14

Peer review

Answer 14

This is the process of having other experts examine research prior to its publication.

Question 15

replication

Answer 15

This is the repeating of an experiment and producing the same results.

Question 16

constructs

Answer 16

these are hypothetical internal attributes that cannot be directly observed but is useful for describing and explaining behaviour.

Question 17

operationalization

Answer 17

This is the defining of constructs in ways that allow them to be measured.

Question 18

descriptive methods

Answer 18

these are research methods designed for making careful, systematic observations.

Question 19

naturalistic observation

Answer 19

This is the indepth study of a phenomenon in its natural setting.

This is a research method based n careful recording of behaviour in natural settings.

Question 20

surveys

Answer 20

these are a descriptive method in which participants are asked the same questions.

Question 21

sample

Answer 21

This is the subset of a population being studied.

Question 22

population

Answer 22

this is the entire group from which a sample is taken.

Question 23

focus groups

Answer 23

these are small deliberately chosen group of people who engage in a structured discussion on a topic

Question 24

interviews

Answer 24

This is an interaction in which participants are asked. predetermined set of questions by the researcher and are allowed to provide any sort of response they wish.

Question 25

correlation

Answer 25

This is a measure of the direction and the strength of the relationship between two variables.

Question 26

variable

Answer 26

this is a factor that has a range of values.

This is a factor or characteristic that is manipulated or measured in a research.

Question 27

measure

Answer 27

This is a method for describing a variables quantity

Question 28

third variable

Answer 28

this is a variable that is responsible for a correlation observed between two other variables of interest.

Question 29

experiment

Answer 29

this is a research method that tests hypotheses and allows researchers to make conclusions about causality.

this are studies in which the investigator manipulates at least one variable while measuring at least one other variable.

Question 30

independent variable

Answer 30

An experimental variable controlled and manipulated by the experimenter; the “if A happens” part of a hypothesis.

This is the variable manipulated by the researcher in an experiment.

Question 31

experimental groups

Answer 31

These are a group of participants that are exposed to the independent variable.

These are the group that receive the treatment the study is trying to test.

Question 32

random assignments

Answer 32

This is a procedure in which each participant has an equal chance of being placed in any group in an experiment.

This is the use of chance to place subjects in experimental and control groups.

Question 33

confounding variables

Answer 33

Variable that is irrelevant to the hypothesis being tested but can alter a researcher’s conclusions.

Question 34

meta-analysis

Answer 34

A statistical analysis of many previous experiments on a single topic.

Question 35

publication bias

Answer 35

The possibility that published studies are not representative of all work done on a particular phenomenon.

Question 36

placebo

Answer 36

An inactive substance or treatment that cannot be distinguished from a real, active substance or treatment.

Question 37

cross-sectional study

Answer 37

An experimental design for assessing age-related changes in which data are obtained simultaneously from people of differing ages.

Question 38

longitudinal study

Answer 38

An experimental design for assessing age-related changes in which data are obtained from the same individuals at intervals over a long period of time.

Question 39

mixed longitudinal design

Answer 39

A method for assessing age-related changes that combines the cross-sectional and longitudinal approaches by observing a cross-section of participants over a shorter period than is used typically in longitudinal studies.

Question 40

Reliability

Answer 40

The consistency of a measure, including test–retest, interrater, intermethod, and internal consistency over time.

This is the stability of test scores over time.

Question 41

Validity

Answer 41

A quality of a measure that leads to correct conclusions (i.e., the measure evaluates the concept that it was designed to do).

This is the degree which a test measures the traits I was designed to.

Question 42

Descriptive statistics

Answer 42

Statistical methods that organize data into meaningful patterns and summaries, such as finding the average value.

Question 43

mean

Answer 43

The numerical average of a set of scores.

Question 44

median

Answer 44

The halfway mark in a set of data, with half of the scores above it and half below

Question 45

mode

Answer 45

The most frequently occurring score in a set of data.

Question 46

standard deviation

Answer 46

A measure of how tightly clustered around the mean a group of scores is.

Question 47

normal distribution

Answer 47

A symmetrical probability function.

This is a bel shaped curve of scores with a large number in the middle snd very few in the high and low ends.

Question 48

inferential statistics

Answer 48

Statistical methods that allow experimenters to extend conclusions from samples to larger populations.

Question 49

generalizations

Answer 49

To extend conclusions to larger populations outside your research sample.

Question 50

null hypothesis

Answer 50

A hypothesis stating the default position that there is no real difference between two measures.

Question 51

statistical significance

Answer 51

A standard for deciding whether an observed result is because of chance

Question 52

informed consent

Answer 52

Permission obtained from a research participant after the risks and benefits of an experimental procedure have been thoroughly explained.

This is the agreement to take part in an experiment after being told what to expect.

Question 53

field experiments

Answer 53

An experiment conducted outside of a laboratory setting.

Question 54

placebo effect

Answer 54

This is a change in symptoms due to a participants expectation that a drug or treatment will do something.