The Adaptive Mind: Learning

Question 1

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Answer 1

This is something that elicits a response without any prior experience.

Question 2

fixed ratio (FR) schedule

Answer 2

This is a rule specifying the number of correct responses a subject must give to receive reinforcement.

A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement occurs following a set number of behaviours.

Question 3

unconditioned response (UCRs)

Answer 3

This is response to a stimulus that requires no prior experience.

Question 4

conditioned response (CRs)

Answer 4

This is a learned action elicited by pairing with an originally neutral stimulus.

A response learned through classical conditioning.

Question 5

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 5

An environmental event whose significance is learned through classical conditioning.

Question 6

variable ratio (VR) schedule

Answer 6

This is a rule for delivering reinforcement after varying numbers ion correct responses.

A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement occurs following some variable number of behaviours.

Question 7

variable interval (VI) schedule

Answer 7

this is the rule for delivering reinforcements after varying amounts of time.

A schedule of reinforcement in which the first response following a varying period is reinforced.

Question 8

fixed interval (FI) schedule

Answer 8

This is rule for how long after a subjects first response that reinforcement is delivered.

A schedule of reinforcement in which the first response following a specified interval is reinforced.

Question 9

aversion therapy

Answer 9

This is the treatment to reduce unwanted behaviour by pairing it with an unpleasant stimulus.

An application of counterconditioning in which a conditioned stimulus (CS) formerly paired with a pleasurable unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is instead paired with an unpleasant UCS.

Question 10

classical conditioning

Answer 10

This is a form of learning in which reflex responses are associated with new stimuli.

A type of learning in which associations are formed between two stimuli that occur sequentially in time.

Question 11

cognitive map

Answer 11

This is a mental representation of the environment.

Question 12

continuous reinforcement

Answer 12

This is when a reward follows every correct response

Question 13

extinction (classical conditioning)

Answer 13

This is the weakening of a learned response when it is no longer reinforced.

Question 14

extinction (operant conditioning)

Answer 14

This is the weakening of a learned response when it is no longer followed by reinforcement.

Question 15

behct

Answer 15

This is the innate impulse that directs or motivates behaviour.

Question 16

latent learning

Answer 16

This is the acquisition of knowledge or skills not immediately observable in an organisms behaviour.

Learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement.

Question 17

law of effect

Answer 17

This is where the responses that lead to desirable results are repeated while those that produce undesirable ones are not.

Question 18

learning

Answer 18

This is any relatively permanent change in behaviour that can be attributed to experience.

Question 19

Negative reinforcement

Answer 19

This is the strengthening of a behaviour by removing something unpleasant from the environment of the organism.

A method for increasing behaviours that allow an organism to escape or avoid an unpleasant consequence.

Question 20

observational learning

Answer 20

this is the acquiring of more information on how to perform new behaviours by watching others

This is learning that occurs when one organism watches the actions of another organism; also known as social learning or modelling.

Question 21

operant conditioning

Answer 21

this is learning based on the positive or negative consequences or responding.

A type of learning in which associations are formed between behaviours and their outcomes.

Question 22

partial reinforcement

Answer 22

This is a pattern in which only a portion of all response are rewarded.

The reinforcement of a desired behaviour on some occasions, but not others.

Question 23

positive reinforcement

Answer 23

This is when a response is followed by a reward or other positive event.

Question 24

primary reinforcer

Answer 24

This is something that has inherent rewards because it satisfies biological needs.

Question 25

punishment

Answer 25

This is an event that decreases the probability that a response will be repeated. A consequence that eliminates or reduces the frequency of a behaviour.

Question 26

reflex

Answer 26

This is an innate, automatic response to a stimulus.

Question 27

reinforcement

Answer 27

This is an vent that increases the probability that a particular response will occur.

Question 28

schedule of reinforcement

Answer 28

This is the protocol for determining when and how often responses will be rewarded.

Question 29

secondary reinforcer

Answer 29

This are the rewards that organisms learn to like.

Question 30

shaping

Answer 30

This is the reinforcement of increasingly close approximations of a desired response

Question 31

spontaneous recovery

Answer 31

this is the reappearance of a learned response after its apparent extinction. During extinction training, the reappearance of conditioned responses (CRs) after periods of rest.

Question 32

discrimination.

Answer 32

This is the learned ability to respond differently o similar stimuli A learned ability to distinguish between stimuli.

Question 33

generalization

Answer 33

This is the tendency to respond to stimuli similar to a conditioned stimulus. The tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to an original conditioned stimulus (CS).

Question 34

systematic desensitization

Answer 34

This is the method of reducing fear by gradually exposing people to the object they fear. A type of counterconditioning in which people relax while being exposed to stimuli that elicit fear.

Question 35

token economy

Answer 35

This is a behaviour modification in which desired behaviours earn objects that can be exchanged for positive reinforcers. This is an application of operant conditioning in which tokens that can be exchanged for other reinforcers are used to increase the frequency of desirable behaviours.

Question 36

aversion therapy

Answer 36

associating a memory with pain or discomfort to avoid doing it.

Question 37

classical conditioning

Answer 37

This is when one memory of a thing shape how that thing is identified afterwards.

Question 38

cognitive map continuous reinforcement latent learning observational learning primary reinforcer shaping fixed ratio schedule fixed interval schedule systematic desensitization unconditioned stimulus conditioned stimulus

Question 39

instincts

Answer 39

These are an inborn pattern of behaviour elicited by environmental also known as fixed action pattern.

Question 40

associative learning

Answer 40

The formation of associations, or connections, among stimuli and behaviours.

Question 41

non-associative learning

Answer 41

This is learning that involves changes in the magnitude of responses to stimuli.

Question 42

habituation

Answer 42

This is a simple form of learning in which reactions to repeated stimuli that are unchanging and harmless decrease.

Question 43

sensitization

Answer 43

An increased reaction to many stimuli following exposure to one strong stimulus.

Question 44

implicit learning

Answer 44

Learning that occurs in the absence of awareness.

Question 45

explicit learning

Answer 45

Learning that involves conscious awareness.

Question 46

acquisition

Answer 46

This is the development of a learned response.

Question 47

extinction

Answer 47

This is the reduction of a learned response. In classical conditioning, extinction occurs when the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) no longer follows the conditioned stimulus (CS). In operant conditioning, extinction occurs when the consequence no longer follows the learned behaviour.

Question 48

inhibition

Answer 48

A feature of classical conditioning in which a conditioned stimulus (CS) predicts the nonoccurrence of an unconditioned stimulus (UCS).

Question 49

Higher order conditioning

Answer 49

This is learning in which stimuli associated with a conditioned stimulus (CS) also elicit conditioned responses (CRs).

Question 50

latent inhibition

Answer 50

This is the slower learning that occurs when a conditioned stimulus (CS) is already familiar compared to when the CS is unfamiliar.

Question 51

positive punishment

Answer 51

A consequence that eliminates or reduces the frequency of a behaviour by applying an aversive stimulus.

Question 52

conditioned reinforcer

Answer 52

This is a reinforcer that gains value from being associated with other things that are valued; also known as a secondary reinforcer.

Question 53

negative punishment

Answer 53

A method for reducing behaviour by removing something desirable whenever the target behaviour occurs.

Question 54

partial reinforcement effect in extinction

Answer 54

The more rapid extinction observed following continuous reinforcement compared to that following partial reinforcement.

Question 55

method of successive approximations

Answer 55

This is a method for increasing the frequency of behaviours that never or rarely occur; also known as shaping.

Question 56

imitation

Answer 56

Copying behaviour that is unlikely to occur naturally and spontaneously.