The Adaptive Mind: Learning Flashcards
unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
This is something that elicits a response without any prior experience.
fixed ratio (FR) schedule
This is a rule specifying the number of correct responses a subject must give to receive reinforcement.
A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement occurs following a set number of behaviours.
unconditioned response (UCRs)
This is response to a stimulus that requires no prior experience.
conditioned response (CRs)
This is a learned action elicited by pairing with an originally neutral stimulus.
A response learned through classical conditioning.
conditioned stimulus (CS)
An environmental event whose significance is learned through classical conditioning.
variable ratio (VR) schedule
This is a rule for delivering reinforcement after varying numbers ion correct responses.
A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement occurs following some variable number of behaviours.
variable interval (VI) schedule
this is the rule for delivering reinforcements after varying amounts of time.
A schedule of reinforcement in which the first response following a varying period is reinforced.
fixed interval (FI) schedule
This is rule for how long after a subjects first response that reinforcement is delivered.
A schedule of reinforcement in which the first response following a specified interval is reinforced.
aversion therapy
This is the treatment to reduce unwanted behaviour by pairing it with an unpleasant stimulus.
An application of counterconditioning in which a conditioned stimulus (CS) formerly paired with a pleasurable unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is instead paired with an unpleasant UCS.
classical conditioning
This is a form of learning in which reflex responses are associated with new stimuli.
A type of learning in which associations are formed between two stimuli that occur sequentially in time.
cognitive map
This is a mental representation of the environment.
continuous reinforcement
This is when a reward follows every correct response
extinction (classical conditioning)
This is the weakening of a learned response when it is no longer reinforced.
extinction (operant conditioning)
This is the weakening of a learned response when it is no longer followed by reinforcement.
behct
This is the innate impulse that directs or motivates behaviour.
latent learning
This is the acquisition of knowledge or skills not immediately observable in an organisms behaviour.
Learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement.
law of effect
This is where the responses that lead to desirable results are repeated while those that produce undesirable ones are not.
learning
This is any relatively permanent change in behaviour that can be attributed to experience.
Negative reinforcement
This is the strengthening of a behaviour by removing something unpleasant from the environment of the organism.
A method for increasing behaviours that allow an organism to escape or avoid an unpleasant consequence.
observational learning
this is the acquiring of more information on how to perform new behaviours by watching others
This is learning that occurs when one organism watches the actions of another organism; also known as social learning or modelling.
operant conditioning
this is learning based on the positive or negative consequences or responding.
A type of learning in which associations are formed between behaviours and their outcomes.
partial reinforcement
This is a pattern in which only a portion of all response are rewarded.
The reinforcement of a desired behaviour on some occasions, but not others.
positive reinforcement
This is when a response is followed by a reward or other positive event.
primary reinforcer
This is something that has inherent rewards because it satisfies biological needs.
punishment
This is an event that decreases the probability that a response will be repeated.
A consequence that eliminates or reduces the frequency of a behaviour.
reflex
This is an innate, automatic response to a stimulus.
reinforcement
This is an vent that increases the probability that a particular response will occur.
schedule of reinforcement
This is the protocol for determining when and how often responses will be rewarded.
secondary reinforcer
This are the rewards that organisms learn to like.
shaping
This is the reinforcement of increasingly close approximations of a desired response
spontaneous recovery
this is the reappearance of a learned response after its apparent extinction.
During extinction training, the reappearance of conditioned responses (CRs) after periods of rest.
discrimination.
This is the learned ability to respond differently o similar stimuli
A learned ability to distinguish between stimuli.
generalization
This is the tendency to respond to stimuli similar to a conditioned stimulus.
The tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to an original conditioned stimulus (CS).
systematic desensitization
This is the method of reducing fear by gradually exposing people to the object they fear.
A type of counterconditioning in which people relax while being exposed to stimuli that elicit fear.
token economy
This is a behaviour modification in which desired behaviours earn objects that can be exchanged for positive reinforcers.
This is an application of operant conditioning in which tokens that can be exchanged for other reinforcers are used to increase the frequency of desirable behaviours.
aversion therapy
associating a memory with pain or discomfort to avoid doing it.
classical conditioning
This is when one memory of a thing shape how that thing is identified afterwards.
cognitive map
continuous reinforcement
latent learning
observational learning
primary reinforcer
shaping
fixed ratio schedule
fixed interval schedule
systematic desensitization
unconditioned stimulus
conditioned stimulus
instincts
These are an inborn pattern of behaviour elicited by environmental also known as fixed action pattern.
associative learning
The formation of associations, or connections, among stimuli and behaviours.
non-associative learning
This is learning that involves changes in the magnitude of responses to stimuli.
habituation
This is a simple form of learning in which reactions to repeated stimuli that are unchanging and harmless decrease.
sensitization
An increased reaction to many stimuli following exposure to one strong stimulus.
implicit learning
Learning that occurs in the absence of awareness.
explicit learning
Learning that involves conscious awareness.
acquisition
This is the development of a learned response.
extinction
This is the reduction of a learned response. In classical conditioning, extinction occurs when the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) no longer follows the conditioned stimulus (CS). In operant conditioning, extinction occurs when the consequence no longer follows the learned behaviour.
inhibition
A feature of classical conditioning in which a conditioned stimulus (CS) predicts the nonoccurrence of an unconditioned stimulus (UCS).
Higher order conditioning
This is learning in which stimuli associated with a conditioned stimulus (CS) also elicit conditioned responses (CRs).
latent inhibition
This is the slower learning that occurs when a conditioned stimulus (CS) is already familiar compared to when the CS is unfamiliar.
positive punishment
A consequence that eliminates or reduces the frequency of a behaviour by applying an aversive stimulus.
conditioned reinforcer
This is a reinforcer that gains value from being associated with other things that are valued; also known as a secondary reinforcer.
negative punishment
A method for reducing behaviour by removing something desirable whenever the target behaviour occurs.
partial reinforcement effect in extinction
The more rapid extinction observed following continuous reinforcement compared to that following partial reinforcement.
method of successive approximations
This is a method for increasing the frequency of behaviours that never or rarely occur; also known as shaping.
imitation
Copying behaviour that is unlikely to occur naturally and spontaneously.
