The male dog pt 1 Flashcards
genital physical exam
◦ General
◦ Scrotum (visual + palpation)
◦ Testes + epididymides + spermatic cord (palpation)
◦ Penis (visual + palpation) – within and outside the prepuce
◦ Prostate (palpation)
what is responsible for the tie?
bulbus glandis
semen collection technique
Manual collection using a collection cone
semen fractions
Fractions:
◦ 1st: prostatic > flushing out the urethra > urine and debris
◦ 2nd: sperm rich + fluid from epididymis
◦ 3rd: prostatic – lots of volume
Semen Evaluation variables (6)
◦ Color, consistency
◦ Motility
◦ Concentration
◦ Volume
◦ Number of sperm
◦ Morphology
Motility scoring
Divided into total motility and progressive motility
Total = % of sperm cells that are moving
Progressive = of those that are moving, what % of them are moving in a straight line
Velocity (slow, moderate, fast)
concentration scoring
of sperm/mL of semen
Calculate the total number of sperm in ejaculate by using:
◦ Concentration
◦ Volume
morphology scoring technique
Technique:
◦ Eosin-Nigrosin stain, Hancock Stain
◦ Oil immersion – 100x magnification
◦ Need to count a minimum of 100 cells
Counting the % of normal cells and % of abnormal cells
morphology defects
◦ Acrosomal defects, head, mid-piece, tail, proximal droplets, distal droplets & loose/detached heads
cytology scoring
Counting non-sperm cells
◦ Inflammatory cells
◦ Use Diff-Quik stain
◦ Cytology scores (# of cells/ high power field – HPF)
◦ 0 = <1
◦ 1+ = 1-3 cells/hpf
◦ 2+ = 4-6 cells/hpf
◦ 3+ = 7-10 cells/hpf
◦ +/- Follow up with culture
how long for sperm production & epididymal transport
Takes 60-70 days for sperm production & epididymal transport
where is semen stored? how can we determine if there is a transport blockage?
Semen is stored in the epididymis
◦ Epididymis can only hold so much as sperm is constantly being produced
◦ Epididymis produces alkaline phosphatase (ALP) – can be used to determine if there is a blockage in sperm transport
what happens to semen that is not ejaculated?
◦ Phagocytosed in the epididymis
◦ Goes into the urine
> Can determine if sperm is being produced by a male by looking at the urine
Paraphimosis; what is it, how common, cause, treatment
Inability to reduce the penis into the prepuce
Penis is flaccid
More common
Due to sexual arousal, trauma, stricture of orifice, neoplasia, iatrogenic
Conservative: hyperosmolar solution, lube & replace
May need surgical tx or amputation
Phimosis; what is it, how common, cause, treatment
Inability to protrude the penis from the sheath.
Can be congenital
Stricture at preputial opening
Surgical enlargement of orifice
Priapism; what is it, how common, cause, treatment
Persistent erection (>4hrs)
Look for cause
Can be idiopathic
Conservative tx similar to paraphimosis
Ravage, medications, amputation
Urethral prolapse; what breeds, when it occurs, treatment
- More common in Bulldogs, small breeds
- Occurs during erection initially, but eventually stays prolapsed
- Surgery required
- Castrate
Transmissible Venereal Tumor (TVT); where is it found, what kind of animals
Common in tropical, subtropical regions > rescue dogs in NA
Usually occurs in younger, sexually mature dogs, free roaming
◦ Can occur in castrated/spayed dogs
Transmissible Venereal Tumor (TVT); clinical signs
◦ Serosanguineous purulent discharge (intermittent or continuous)
◦ Preputial swelling
◦ Phimosis
◦ Stranguria
◦ Licking
◦ Visibly seeing the tumor – cauliflower type appearance
Can also occur on nose, vulva, etc.
TVT; growth, metastasis, risk
Grow quickly, locally invasive, low rate of metastasis
TVT diagnosis
◦ Exfoliate easily
◦ FNA
◦ Swab for cytology
◦ Impression smear
TVT treatment
◦ Vincristine (1x weekly for up to 6 weeks)
◦ Surgically remove with wide margins
Balanoposthitis; how common
Fairly common
Mild balanoposthitis = considered normal
If copious > abnormal
Balanoposthitis; associated with
◦ Overgrowth of normal preputial flora
> Allergic component?
◦ Prostatitis
◦ Penile tumors
◦ Foreign body
Balanoposthitis; treatment
◦ Identify cause & treat
◦ Oral antibiotics, probiotics?
◦ Topical ointments
◦ Penile flushes (saline recommended)
Balanoposthitis; what will we see
- Preputial discharge
- Inflamed/irritated penis
- Lymphoid follicles
Balanoposthitis =
inflammation of the prepuce + penis head
when is it considered Cryptorchidism? how common?
Considered cryptorchid if not descended by 6 months of age
Fairly common
Hereditary component
can retained testis produce testosterone and sperm? result?
Retained testis can still produce testosterone but NOT sperm
◦ Intact male behaviors
◦ Infertile if bilateral; usually fertile if unilateral
size of retained testes
much smaller than scrotal
where do we find retained testis?
Can be inguinal, abdominal or somewhere in between
Cryptorchidism diagnosis
◦ Palpation
◦ Abdominal ultrasound
cryptorchidism associations and reccomended course of action
Important condition because associated with:
◦ Testicular neoplasia
◦ Testicular torsion
Must remove!!!!
