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Therio 3 > Breeding soundness exam > Flashcards

Breeding soundness exam Flashcards

1
Q

what proportion of beef bulls are reproductively deficient?

A

Up to 30% of beef bulls are reproductively deficient

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2
Q

Purpose of the BSE

A
  • To assess the potential breeding ability of the male
  • Following the entire procedure, males are classified as “Satisfactory”, “Unsatisfactory” or “Classification Deferred” Potential Breeders
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3
Q

basic qualities a male needs to be fertile:

A
  • Good libido
  • Be physically sound
  • Good semen quality
  • Be free of disease (congenital, infectious and acquired)
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4
Q

qualities that earn a bull an unsatisfactory classification

A
  • Poor libido or other major behavioural issues
  • Unsoundness (eyes, teeth, limbs, back, reproductive etc.)
  • Scrotal or testicular measurement small for breed/size/age
  • Heritable conditions (penile deviations, cryptorchidism, inherited diseases)
  • Poor quality semen
  • Infectious diseases (Trichomoniasis, campylobacter etc.)
  • Acquired conditions that affect reproduction
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5
Q

Components of the Breeding Soundness Evaluation of the Male

A
  1. Breeding Behaviour Evaluation
  2. General Examination
  3. Semen Quantity and Quality Determination
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6
Q

what do we look at to evaluate breeding behaviour

A

-Mating ability
-Libido
-Social dominance (bulls, rams)

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7
Q

-The single most important factor determining how many mares a stallion (or cows a bull, etc) can breed in a year is:

A

his LIBIDO

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8
Q

how does social dominance play into breeding evaluation?

A
  • In herd situations one socially dominant male will sire most or all of the offspring
  • May not be what the producer desires
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9
Q

how do we assess mating ability

A

-Take a good history – are they observing breeding (eg. Beef bulls, rams, bucks)
-Observe during BSE (stallion; dog)

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10
Q

General and Reproductive Examination components

A

Physical exam
External Genital Organs
Internal Genital Organs

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11
Q

components of the physical exam

A

-Weight and BCS
-Feet and leg structure
-Eyes
-Teeth
-Smell

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12
Q

components of the external genital organ exam

A

Penis, Prepuce, Scrotum, Testicles, Epididymes

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13
Q

how do we examine the penis in the stallion?

A

sexual stimulus (teasing mares)
* Sedation

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14
Q

how do we examine the penis in the bull?

A

– transrectal massage of Accessory glands
* Electroejaculation
* Sedation

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15
Q

Examination of the Penis and Prepuce
Look for:

A

Swellings
Hair rings (bulls)
Hematoma (bulls)
Penis should move freely in sheath
Persistent frenulum (ruminants)
Penile deviations (ruminants)
Warts (bulls ‐ BPV)
Tumours (horses)
Habronemiasis (horses)
Injuries

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16
Q

Penile Hematoma in the Bull; how does it occur, what is it?

A
  • Bulls breeding naturally
  • Rupture of the tunica albuginea due to sudden bending (usually movement of the cow during breeding)
  • Escape of blood from CCP into elastic layers of penis
  • Location of swelling – immediately in front of scrotum
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17
Q

Penile Hematoma in the Bull; treatment

A
  • Medically – 60 days sexual rest, hydrotherapy, NSAIDS
  • 50% of bulls return to service
  • Surgery ?
  • Chance of abscess, adhesions or vascular shunt formation
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18
Q

causes of penile swelling in bull

A

I dunno tbh

-Penile Hematoma
-Avulsion of the Prepuce
-preputial injuries
-Penile Deviations
-neoplasms
>squamous cell carcinoma
Penile Habronemiasis
EHV-1 Coital Exanthema

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19
Q

Diagnosis of Preputial Injury in Bulls, presentation, when do we see it

A
  • Bulls in AI centers – injury during collection – or bulls in natural breeding program
  • Swelling slightly further forward
  • If acute, present with preputial
    prolapse, swelling +/‐ phimosis
  • Rarely present acutely unless in A.I. centre
  • If chronic may present for inability to protrude penis from sheath
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20
Q

Treatment of Preputial Injuries in Bulls

A
  • Strict sexual rest 60 days
  • Hydrotherapy, ointment application
  • If prolapsed, return penis to sheath
  • Medical tx ‐ about 50% success
  • Surgical repair
    > Reefing operation (circumcision)
21
Q

Penile Deviations in Bulls; caused by what? possible types?

A

– abnormalities of the apical ligament

Ligament Too long – ventral deviation
Ligament Too short (very rare) – S-shaped deviation
Cannot maintain ligament in normal position – spiral deviation

22
Q

more common neoplasm for penis of stallions and geldings

A

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

23
Q

Squamous Cell Carcinoma diagnosis

A

biopsy

24
Q

Squamous Cell Carcinoma of horse penis is associated with what

A

Associated with equine
papilloma virus‐2

25
Q

Squamous Cell Carcinoma treatment

A

Treatment – excision of masses, cryotherapy
* 5‐Fluorouracil topically
* Penile amputation in severe cases

26
Q

squamous cell carcinoma metastasis risk

A

Slow and late to metastasize but check regional lymph nodes

27
Q

Preputial and Penile Injuries in Stallions - treatment

A
  • Emergencies!
  • Aim is to reduce swelling and return penis to sheath
  • Massage and use of Esmarch bandage
  • Sling support
  • Hydrotherapy
  • Emollient dressing
  • Systemic Anti‐inflammatories
28
Q

Priapism; what is it, when do we see it, can result in what?

A
  • Persistent erection
  • Associated with administration of phenothiazine tranquilizers
  • Can result in paraphimosis due to effects of gravity
29
Q

priapism treatment

A
  • Treatment – if acute treat as previous with sling, anti inflammatories etc.
  • Benztropine mesylate IV
  • Lavage of Corpus cavernosum
30
Q

result of chronic priapism? what should we do?

A
  • If chronic can result in penile paralysis due to pudendal nerve damage, and penile fibrosis with poor prognosis
  • Penile amputation required
31
Q

normal vs abnormal scrotum for bull

A

Normal for a bull is:
-pendulous

Abnormal:
-Straight sides
-Wedge
-Rotated

> is possible too have it too pendulous, or not pendulous enough

32
Q

Evaluating Scrotal Contents:
Testicles and Epididymes - what do we examine?

A

Presence – are there two?
Size and Shape – for species
Consistency – firm and smooth
Mobility – freely mobile within the scrotum
Uniformity – are both similar
Ultrasound appearance

33
Q

how are testicles oriented in the stallion

A

Testes are held horizontally

cranial: epididymal head
caudal: epididymal tail

34
Q

testicular volume is proportional to what in the bull

A

SEMEN PRODUCING CAPACITY

As testicular size increases, the probability of a bull being a satisfactory breeder increases

35
Q

Evaluation of Semen Producing Capacity and Quality; what do we look at?

A

Scrotal circumference (bull, ram)
>Total scrotal width (stallion)
>Individual testis measurements (stallion, dog)

Semen collection

Semen evaluation

36
Q

Heritability of Scrotal Circumference (SC) in Bulls, and how it relates to puberty, and other heritability-related correlations

A
  • SC is highly heritable
  • SC is a more accurate predictor of onset of puberty
    in a young bull than age or weight
  • A bull’s SC has high correlations with:
  • his son’s SC
  • His heifers’ fertility (age at first breeding/calving, pregnancy rates)
37
Q

minimum scrotal circumference for mature bulls

A

simmental (37) > angus, charlolais (36) > hereford (35) > limousin, shorthorn (34)

38
Q

Ram – Scrotal circumference – recommended minimums

A
  • Rams >70 kg ‐ > 30 cm SC
  • Rams > 110 kg‐ > 36 cm SC
39
Q

Total Scrotal Width in the Stallion at 2-3; 4-6; 7+yrs

A
  • 2‐3 yrs > 81 mm
  • 4‐6 yrs > 85 mm
    7 yrs > 95 mm
40
Q

expected daily sperm output of the stallion based on testicle size

A

Expected Daily sperm output
DSO = 0.024 X (Vol L + Vol R) – 0.76

41
Q

Alterations from normal echotexture in the testis should alert you to what?

A

probable neoplasia

42
Q

Internal Genital Organs to be examined

A

Pelvic urethra
Prostate
Seminal vesicles
Ampullae
Bulbourethral glands
Ductus deferens
Internal inguinal ring

43
Q

Disease of Accessory Glands in bulls; most common, who gets it, signs, treatment

A
  • Bulls – seminal vesiculitis most common
  • Most often young bulls housed together
  • If acute= painful, large on palpation, chunks of pus in semen, neutrophils on cytology of semen
  • Antibiotic therapy unrewarding
  • Most recover spontaneously without tx
44
Q

Disease of Accessory Glands in dog

A

prostate disease

45
Q

Disease of Accessory Glands in stallion; most common

A

– ampullary blockage (sperm accumulation) most common

46
Q

Ampullary obstruction in the stallion presents as what

A

Presents as azoospermia if complete, or an ejaculate with low numbers of sperm (and lots of loose heads) if incomplete

47
Q

Ampullary obstruction in the stallion treatment

A

– frequent collections – give oxytocin and do transrectal massage of glands ‐ just before – until he “blows out” the obstruction!

48
Q

second most common disease of the accessory glands of the stallion

A

seminal vesiclulitis (uncommon)

Therio 3 (19 decks)

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