Foster long notes 2 Flashcards
Testicular neoplasms are most commonly found in what species?
dog
common tumor of aged vs young horse
old - seminoma
young - teratoma
Three main testicular neoplasms of dogs are
-testicular sustentacular (Sertoli) cell tumor
-interstitial cell tumor
-seminoma.
are most primary neoplasms in dogs benign or malignant?
benign
physical character of seminomas
seminomas are white, soft and usually bulge on cut section
physical character of Testicular sustentacular (Sertoli) cell tumors
tend to contain a lot of fibrous tissue so they are white in color and are firm
interstitial cell tumor physical character
tan or yellow in color, often contains areas of hemorrhage, and is soft.
what type of tumor may produce a hyperestrogenism like syndrome and feminization? how is this usually characterized?
Testicular sustentacular (Sertoli) cell tumors
- rarely, interstitial cell tumours
attractiveness to other male dogs, gynecomastia, and alopecia. Some develop bone marrow aplasia.
are signs of feminization in male dogs due to a sertoli cell tumor always due to raised estrogen?
-no, may have normal estrogen level
inhibin secretion by sertoli cells can inhibit FSH and LH, resulting in inhibition of testosterone production
-imbalance between testosterone and oestrogen is responsible for the relative increase in oestrogen and feminisation
testicular torsion is often a sequelae of what?
cryptorchid
what animals experience testicular torsion?
With the exception of stallions, torsion of the testis is very rare unless there is incomplete descent.
A testicular neoplasm is often also present to provide sufficient weight to maintain the torsion.
is orchitis common in domesticated animals?
no, sporadic
-The vast majority of cases diagnosed clinically as orchitis are really epididymitis
two important diseases that affect the epididymus
-segmental aplasia
-spermatic granuloma of the epididymal head
what part of the epididymus is usually missing in segmental aplasia?
usually tail
what is spermatic granuloma of the epididymal head?
not all efferent ductules attach to the epididymal tube – some are blind ending. In the blind ending ones, spermiostasis develops and subsequently becomes a spermatic granuloma. This disease is recognised as the granulomas only occur in the region of the epididymal head.
what agents cause most infections of the epididymus
bacterial
-brucella spp.
-usually systemic
can an animal affected by spermatic granulomas of the epididymal head recover reproductive function?
usually no
main diseases for our purposes that affect the spermatic cord?
varicocele and inguinal hernia
large inguinal hernia will feel like what upon scrotal palpation?
a large inguinsl hernia will be palpated as a sack like structure that may contain intestines.
in stallions with colic what should we make sure to palpate and why?
scrotum, look for inguinal hermia
what is varicolcele and what animals are generally affected?
particularly affects old rams. It can be a cause of subfertility because of a lack of thermoregulation.
The accessory genital glands (AGG) include the
ampullae, vesicular glands (seminal vesicles), prostate, and bulbourethral glands
what diseases of accessory glands are most common and important?
Disease of the prostate of the dog, and vesicular glands (seminal vesicles) of bulls, is common and important.
what is the only genital gland on the dog?
prostate
The major diseases that affect the prostate in dogs:
prostatic hyperplasia
prostatic cysts
paraprostatic cysts
bacterial prostatitis
prostatic neoplasia
symptoms of excessive prostate enlargement in the dog?
may be either completely incidental or found on rectal palpation, or may cause lethargy, straining to defecate and anorexia
Bacterial prostatitis, in its acute form, causes
hematuria, lethargy, and signs of systemic illness
Infertility will occasionally be the only indication
prostatic neoplasia signs
Prostatic neoplasia tends to be insidious and it is only in advanced disease that the signs of tenesmus, stranguria, dysuria, or the cachexia of malignancy are seen
When there is evidence of tenesmus, urethral discharge including hemorrhage, and hematuria, one can focus specifically on the prostate as the origin.
Diagnosis of prostatic disease; how can we differentiate?
rectal palpation
Hyperplasia tends to produce a prostate that is uniform and smooth surfaced
Acute prostatitis will usually result in pain on palpation and a “doughy” feeling to the prostate with sponginess and a lack of definition due to periprostatic edema.
In prostatic neoplasia palpable changes will vary from no significant findings, to a total inability to palpate the prostate because of extensive periprostatic fibrosis and prostatic infiltrate.
Ancillary diagnostic aids that greatly assist in the diagnosis include ultrasonographical imaging, cytological examination of urine, prostatic washes, semen evaluation, penile discharge, urethral brush biopsy and fine needle aspiration.
