Foster long notes 1 Flashcards
is orchitis common? what else could it be?
-severe inflammation of the testes is rare
-the inflammation and/or infection are usually of the tunica vaginalis and epididymis
inflammatory reactions in male repro tract are often a reaction to what?
reaction is to spermatozoa that have leaked into the tissues.
most important factor when considering prognosis for inflammation in the scrotal region
The ability of spermatozoa to stimulate a florid inflammatory reaction
what type of reaction do spermatozoa cause when they leak into extratubular compartments?
Spermatozoa incite a granulomatous and pyogranulomatous reaction known as a spermatic granuloma.
macroscopic appearance of a spermatic granuloma
similar to pus
what type of reaction to sperm that leak out into extratubular space cause?
foreign body
possible consequences of a spermatic granuloma
- The reaction leads to chronic inflammation and fibrosis, and continued disruption and obstruction of tubes and tubules.
- Spermiostasis, spermatocele and/or further spermatic granulomas are the consequence.
how common are diseases that directly affect the tunica vaginalis? what is a more frequent finding?
-rare
-secondary involvement after epididymitis is much more frequent
most well known cause of inflammation of the vaginal tunics in the domesticated species
feline infectious peritonitis
presenting sign in cat for practitioner to consider FIP
scrotal swelling
what recess of the male anatomy is continuous in the peritoneum, and what is a consequence?
-vaginal recess/tunics
-any disease affecting the peritoneum can and will affect this area
are small testes a cause for concern? what do they mean?
-yes, cause for concern
-Small testes mean reduced production of spermatozoa because testicular weight and volume are correlated with daily sperm output.
when is it best to diagnose testicular hypoplasia or atrophy? how can we differentiate between them?
-at puberty. Almost impossible to differentiate cause of small testes in older animals
In general, a hypoplastic testis has a small hypoplastic epididymis attached. The epididymis is usually disproportionately larger in testicular atrophy.
Testicular hypoplasia is what type of disorder
Disorder of Sexual Development (DSD) (and thus could be Chromosomal, XY or XX in type)
difference in size for testicular hypoplasia likely due to
a reduction in either the number of tubules, the length of tubules, the diameter of the tubules, or one or more combinations of these.
can testicular hypoplasia be inherited?
hypoplasia is known or suspected to be hereditary in the dog, bull, ram, and buck. The exact genetic abnormality is often not established.
The diagnosis of testicular maldescent can be a clinical challenge when
there are no scrotal testes or only one scrotal testis but no history of whether castration was performed previously.
a cryptorchid testis has what other features?
hypoplastic and will eventually degenerate
will a cryptorchid testis produce sperm and testosterone?
Although spermatogenesis may be absent, testosterone production continues for a long time
tests for cryptorchidism
Tests such as HCG stimulation can be performed in bilateral cryptorchids, but there are other ways. Structures that are testosterone dependent include the prostate of the dog, the barbs on the penis of the cat, and the vesicular glands (seminal vesicles) of the bull and stallion.
most common reproductive abnormality of cats and horses
Cryptorchidism - it is very common
at what age is the testis in the scrotum in the majority of dogs
10 days
The usual location of the retained testis
adjacent to the inguinal ring, within the inguinal ring and beneath the inguinal ring in a subcutaneous location, representing failure of one of the phases of migration.
3 phases of testicular migration
the abdominal translocation
the transinguinal migration
the inguinoscrotal migration
Some of the known causes of testicular degeneration in mammals, including rodents.
Advancing age
Chlorinated naphthalenes
Epididymitis
Chemicals
Heat
Hormones
Metal compound toxicity
Neoplasia
Nutritional disorders
Plants
Radiation Stress/Corticosteroid therapy Trauma
Ultrasound Viral infection
Testicular degeneration is manifested clinically and grossly as
atrophy, mineralization, and fibrosis
-often will see spermiostasis, and spermatic granulomas may develop
histological bases of testicular degeneration
germinal epithelium reduces in amount and eventually all spermatogenesis stops
Testicular degeneration usually occurs because of what?
influences external to the testis (in contrast to hypoplasia)
common sign of testicular degeneration
mineralization
-may involve whole or part of one seminiferous tubule, or whole regions.
