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HUBS 1406 > The Machine that Repairs Itself > Flashcards

The Machine that Repairs Itself Flashcards

1
Q

Muscular Tissue

A
  • Contracts to move
  • Three types:
    > Skeletal - voluntary, muscles attached to the skeleton
    > Smooth - involuntary, in the walls of hollow visceral organs
    > Cardiac - involuntary, in walls of the heart
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2
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A
  • Covers all body surfaces, line body cavities, and hollow organs
  • Major tissue in glands
  • Protection, secretion, excretion, absorption, sensory reception, etc.
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3
Q

Connective Tissue

A
  • Structure and support

- 6 types: dense, adipose, areolar, compact, blood, loose.

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4
Q

Skin: Epidermis

A
  • Protection, secretion, and absorption
  • Epidermis
    > Consists mainly of cells called keratinocytes
    > Epithelial-type tissue
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5
Q

Skin: Dermis

A
  • Dermis
    > Held together by collagen (gives skin flexibility and strength)
    > Connective tissue layer
    > Contains blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, sweat glands, etc.
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6
Q

Skin: Sensations

A 
Mechanoreceptors:
- Pressure 
- Vibrations
- Texture
Thermoreceptors:
- Temperature
- Hot and cold receptors
Pain receptors:
- Detect pain or stimuli
Proprioceptors:
- Sense the position of different body parts in relation to each other and the surrounding environment
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7
Q

Structures of the Musculoskeletal System: Muscles

A
  • Muscle fibres

- Give us the ability to constrict

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8
Q

Structures of the Musculoskeletal System: Bones

A
  • Osteocytes

- Give us strength and structure

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9
Q

Structures of the Musculoskeletal System: Ligaments

A
  • Fibrocytes (spindle-shaped cells)

- For stability at joints from bone to bone

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10
Q

Structures of the Musculoskeletal System: Cartilage

A
  • Chrondocytes
  • Elastic tissue that covers and protects long bones at the joints
  • Main function is to connect bones together
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11
Q

Structures of the Musculoskeletal System: Tendons

A
  • Fibroblasts

- Attach muscle to the bone

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12
Q

Skeletal Muscle: Contracting to Produce or Hold a Movement

A
  • Concentric contraction: contracting
  • Eccentric contraction: lengthening
  • Isometric contraction: holding
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13
Q

Skeletal Muscle: Myosin and Actin

A

Two types of proteins that form contractile filaments in muscle cells. Myosin is a motor protein involved in muscle contraction. Actin is a protein that forms filaments, which are involved in muscle contraction.

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14
Q

Bones: Function

A
  • Protection e.g. skull, ribs, etc.
  • Longer bones for movement
  • Dexterity - small bones in hands
  • House hemopoietic stem cells
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15
Q

Bones: Bone Tissue

A

Bone tissue is connective tissue defined as a matrix made up of:

  • Organic: approx. 20% collagen
  • Inorganic: approx. 65-70% calcium

It can be compact or spongy.

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16
Q

Bones: Osteoblasts

A

Cells with only one nucleus that form new bone. Produce new bone - osteoid - which is made of bone collagen and other protein. The process is called ossification.

17
Q

Bones: Osteoclasts

A

Multinucleated cells that reabsorb bones.

18
Q

Cartilage: Hyaline

A

Translucent cartilage found on many joint surfaces. It provides support, flexibility and helps hold the body together.

Found mainly in the ribs, nose, larynx, and trachea.

19
Q

Cartilage: Elastic

A

It provides support with moderate elasticity.

Found mainly in the larynx, pinna, and eustachian tube.

20
Q

Cartilage: Fibrocartilage

A

Tough, very stringy tissue found mainly in the intervertebral discs and at the insertions of ligaments and tendons.

It helps fill in torn part of cartilage, although it is not a good substitute as it is tough.

21
Q

Tendons

A
  • Connect muscle to bone
  • Outer sheath for protection and also anchors the tendon to the muscle and the bone
  • Tendonitis can occur after repeating a movement many times
22
Q

Ligaments

A
  • Connects bone to bone
  • Provide stability
  • Like an elastic band
23
Q

Joints

A

Where bones, ligaments, and cartilage come together.

24
Q

Joints: Fibrous Joints

A
  • Fixed/immovable joints
  • Held together by tough fibre
  • E.g. skull
25
Q

Joints: Cartilagenous Joints

A
  • Slightly moveable joints
  • Held together by ligaments
  • Joined by cartilage
  • E.g. ribs
26
Q

Joints: The Synovial Joint

A
  • Freely moveable joints

- E.g. hips, shoulders and knees

27
Q

Joints: Flexion and Extension

A
  • Flexion: the angle at joint getting smaller

- Extension: the angle at a joint getting bigger

28
Q

Phase of Tissue Healing: Inflammatory

A

It starts immediately and lasts a few days.

  • Increasing blood flow to the area - allows nutrients, immune cells to get out, various growth factors secreted by cells
  • Making the damaged tissue painful and tender - stops us from using the area to prevent more damage
29
Q

Phase of Tissue Healing: Repair/Proliferation

A

It starts after a few days, lasts for a few weeks.

- Rapid cell division to replace damaged tissue

30
Q

Phase of Tissue Healing: Maturation/Remodelling

A

It starts after a few weeks, may last for a couple of years.

  • Remodelling and reorganisation to same as before the injury
  • Whether damaged tissue will regenerate completely or leave a scar depends on tissue type (some cells don’t regenerate), and the degree and type of injury
31
Q

Healing: Primary Intention

A

When damage is minimal e.g. minor cut

32
Q

Healing: Secondary Intention

A
  • Epithelial cells and laying down of scar tissue

- Scar tissue increases the strength

HUBS 1406 (11 decks)

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