Control that Cell

Question 1

What is a cell?

Answer 1

The basic, structural, functional and biological unit of all known organisms.

Question 2

Nucleus

Answer 2

A membrane-bound organelle that houses the cell’s genetic material. It coordinates the cell’s activities including:

• Protein synthesis
• Metabolism
• Growth
• Reproduction (cell division)

Question 3

Ribosomes

Answer 3

Protein assembly machines. String together amino acids in the correct sequence to make proteins.

Question 4

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 4

Protein folding and modification.

Question 5

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 5

Associated with the production and metabolism of fats and steroid hormones.

Question 6

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 6

Responsible for transportation, modification, and packaging of proteins and lipids.
It also:
- Processes materials to be removed from the cell
- Makes and secretes mucus
- Packages products into vesicles for transport

Question 7

Mitochondria

Answer 7

The powerhouse of the cell.
Produces ATP.
Respiration and energy production.

Question 8

Lysosomes

Answer 8

Waste disposal centres. Contain enzymes that break down large organic molecules, old worn-out organelles, bacteria, etc.

Question 9

Cytoskeleton

Answer 9

Protein microtubules allow movement of organelles around and inside the cell, as well as the whole-cell via the flagella.

Question 10

Plasma Membrane

Answer 10

Semi-permeable phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins and carbohydrates:

• Hydrophilic ends
• Hydrophobic ends

Question 11

Getting Across the Cell Membrane: Passive Transport

Answer 11

• Requires no energy
• Diffusion
• Down a concentration gradient

Question 12

Getting Across the Cell Membrane: Active

Answer 12

• Requires energy in the form of ATP

- Up a concentration gradient

Question 13

Getting Across the Cell Membrane: Bulk Transfer via Vesicles

Answer 13

• Requires ATP
• Large particles (e.g. pathogens) in either direction
• Endocytosis
• Exocytosis

Question 14

Cell Division

Answer 14

New cells come from the division of pre-existing cells.
Mitosis:
- Somatic cells
- Chromosomes pair up; chromosomes line up at the equator; sister chromatids pull apart; cell pinches in the middle; two identical daughter cells.

Question 15

Cell Differentiation: Totipotent, Multipotent and Pluripotent

Answer 15

Specialised cells that carry out a specific function.
Totipotent:
- Having the ability to differentiate into all cell types
- E.g. embryo cells
Pluripotent:
- Each cell can form most cell types
- E.g. blastocyst
Multipotent:
- Each cell can form a limited range of cell types
- E.g. skin

Question 16

Tissue: Epithelial

Answer 16

• Form sheets which cover the body, line cavities, hollow organs and tubes
• Protection, secretion and absorption roles

Question 17

Tissue: Connective

Answer 17

• Specialised cells embedded in the extracellular matrix which surround the cells
• Connect epithelium to the rest of the body, binds structures together, provide strength
• E.g. tendon, adipose, cartilage, bone, loose connective tissue, blood

Question 18

Tissue: Muscle

Answer 18

• Produce movement - constrict

- Skeletal, cardiac and smooth

Question 19

Tissue: Nervous

Answer 19

• Neurons: initiate, receive, conduct and transmit information
• Glial cells: don’t have the ability to produce an action potential
• Support and structure