the lungs, pleural cavity, mediastinum and heart in situ Flashcards

1
Q

how is the mediastinum divided

A
  • superior mediastinum
  • inferior mediastinum ( anterior, posterior and middle)
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2
Q

what divided the superior and inferior mediastinum

A
  • transverse thoracic plane
  • level of angle of sternum which is roughly level at the second rib (intervertebral disk of t4/t5)
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3
Q

where does the superior mediastinum span

A

superior thoracic aperture to the transverse thoracic plane

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4
Q

what does the inferior mediastinum spam

A
  • transverse thoracic plane to the diaphragm
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5
Q

what makes up the superior mediastinum

A
  • great vessels such as veins (brachiocephalic veins and superior vena cava), arteries (aortic arch and its major branches)
  • related nerves (vagus and phrenic nerves)
  • trachea, oesophagus, related nerves
  • thoracic duct and lymphatic trunk
  • parts of the thymus
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6
Q

what makes up the posterior mediastinum

A
  • thoracic aorta
  • thoracic duct
  • lymphaticc trunks
    posterior mediastinal lymph nodes
    azygos and esophagal nerve pleuxes
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7
Q

what makes up the anterior mediastinum

A
  • loose connective tissue
  • fat
  • internal thoracic vessels
  • in infants part of thymus
  • lymphatic vessels and a few lymph nodes
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8
Q

what are the laters of the pericardium

A
  • two layers
  • fibrous layer which is a tough protective outer layer preventing the heart from overfilling
  • serous layer which has a visceral and a parietal player- with a pericardial cavity
  • pericardial cavity is fluid filled and it reduces friction during contraction
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9
Q

what is a pericardial effusion

A

passage of fluid from pericardial capillaries or pus into the pericardial cavity causes by some inflammatory disease

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10
Q

what is a pericardial tamponade

A
  • compression of heart due to pericardial effusion but can be relieved via pericardiocentesis
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11
Q

what nerves supply the mediastinum

A
  • phrenic nerves- located anteriorly
  • vagus nerves- located behind the heart and the lung root
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12
Q

what is the primary function of the lungs and lower airways

A
  • gas exchange
  • control of blood ph
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13
Q

what is the position of the lungs in the thorax

A

-posteriorly lungs reach below the 9th pair of ribs, pleura reaches even further into the costodiaphragmatic recess below the 11th pair of ribs
- anteriorly lungs reach to about the 9th pair of ribs the pleura to the 7th pair

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14
Q

how many lobes does the right lung have and how many segments in each lobe

A
  • superior lobe ( 3 segments)
  • middle lobe (2 segments)
  • inferior lobe (5 segments)
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15
Q

what is the hilum and what structures does it contain

A
  • root of the lung
  • has pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins, airway and lymphatics
  • arteries found superior
  • veins found inferior
  • airway- posterior
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16
Q

what is the lower airways

A
  • below the larynx (voice box)
17
Q

how is the airways divided as you go inferior

A
  • trachea
  • right or left main bronchus
  • secondary/ lobar bronchus
  • tertiary/segmental bronchus
  • bronchioles (terminating and respiratory)
  • alveolus sac
  • alveoli
18
Q

what is the difference between the left and right main bronchus

A
  • right is shorter and wider
  • left is narrower but longer
  • foreign material/ obstruction occurs in right main bronchus usually
19
Q

surgically what is significant about the bronchopulmonary segments

A
  • can be resected without compromising function of the rest of the lungs
20
Q

what is COPD its symptoms, causes and contributing conditions

A

COPD- inflammatory obstructive diseases that causing obstructed airflow from the lungs
- symptoms include difficulty breathing, cough, mucus production and wheezing
- causes include smoking and long term exposure to irritating gases, duct etc
- contributing conditions include emphysema and chronic bronchitis