the heart, its chambers and great vessels Flashcards
1
Q
what are the great vessels
A
- superior vena cava
- inferior vena cava
- pulmonary veins
- pulmonary artery (pulmonary trunk)
- aorta
2
Q
what is the structures of the atria
A
- right atrium
- superior and inferior vena cava
- cardia sinus (drains coronary veins into right atrium)
- right auricle
- left atrium
- pulmonary veins
- left auricle
3
Q
what is the lub, dub sounds of the heart
A
- lub= blood sucked from the atria into the ventricles
- dub= ventricles expel blood from the heart
- sounds are produced by snapping shut of valves
4
Q
what are the different types of valves in the heart
A
- atrioventricular valves which include the tricuspid valve (right) made of 3 cusps and the bicuspid valve (mitral valve) found on the left side of the heart and is made of 2 cusps
- semi lunar valves specifically aortic valve and pulmonary valve, made of 3 cusps
5
Q
what is the aim of valves in the heart
A
- to prevent regurgitation
6
Q
what structures are found in foetal heart and not in adult heart
A
- foramen oval (found in intraatrial septum)- causes left to right shunt of blood and prevents blood going to the lungs in foetus
- ductus arterioles which connects pulmonary artery to arch of aorta
7
Q
what happens to foramen oval after birth
A
- closes and develops into fossa ovalis
- prevent left to right cardiac shunt
8
Q
what happens if the foramen ovale does not close after birth
A
- causes atrial septal defect
- 15-20% has atrial septal defect most people do not know
- only large ASDS are clinically significant because they allow oxygenated blood from lungs to be shunted from there left atrium to right atrium causing an enlargement of right atrium and pulmonary trunk
9
Q
what can a ventricle septal defect cause
A
- left to right shunt
- more clinically significant
- causes severe pulmonary disease (hypertension and increased bp)
10
Q
what are the layers of the heart tissue
A
- pericardium made of fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium (visceral and parietal)
- myocardium (heart muscle)
- endocardium (inside lining covering trabeculae)
11
Q
what is the internal anatomy of the right atrium
A
- pectonate muscles line inside of right atrium (not founding left atrium)
- fossa ovalis
- crista terminalis ( ridge that separates bought and smooth
12
Q
what is the internal anatomy of the right ventricle
A
- trabecular carnea (irregular muscle ridges on the wall of ventricle)
- papillary muscles
- chord tendineae (connects papillary muscles to valve cusps)
- cusps of tricuspid valve
- supraventricular crest (separates the ridged muscular wall of the inflow part of the chamber from the smooth wall of the conus arteriosus)
- conus arteriosus
- pulmonary valve
13
Q
what is the internal anatomy of the left atrium and ventricle
A
- left atrium= fossa ovalis
- left ventricle- mitral valve, aortic vestibule, papillary muscles, chord tendinae
- aortic vestibule separates the left ventricle and outflow tract equivalent of conus arteriosus
14
Q
how can we listen to the heart and where can we put the stethoscope to listen to specific parts of the heart
A
- auscultation
- APET,M
- A= Aortic valve area (right 2nd intercostal space, right sternal border)
- P= pulmonic valve border (2nd left intercostal space left sternal border)
- E= Erbs point (third left intercostal space, left sternal border second heart sound ‘dub’)
- T= Tricuspid valve area ( fourth left ICS, left sternal border)
- M- mitral valve area ( left 5th intercostal space, mid-clavicular line)
15
Q
what is the structure of the aorta
A
- ascending aorta
- arch of aorta branches into
- brachiocephalic trunk which branches into right subclavian and right common carotid artery
- left common carotid artery
- left subclavian artery
- arch of aorta develops into descending aorta= thoracic aorta= abdominal aorta
- posterior intercostal arteries arise from thoracic aorta apart from the first and second which arise from supreme intercostal arteries a branch of the costocervical trunk a branch of subclavian artery
