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circulation and breathing > acid base balance > Flashcards

acid base balance Flashcards

1
Q

what is an acid

A

proton donator

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2
Q

what is a base

A

proton acceptor

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3
Q

what is a buffer

A
  • a solution containing substances which can minimise changes in PH
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4
Q

intracellular buffering components examples

A
  • physiochemical include proteins, phosphates
  • metabolic
  • organeller
  • acid extrusion
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5
Q

extracellular buffering components

A
  • physiochemical include hb, albumin, bicarbonate
  • metabolic such as changing ventilation rate
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6
Q

what is the normal blood ph

A

7.35-7.45

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7
Q

what is an volatile acid and example

A
  • carbonic acid dissociates into carbon dioxide and water which can be expelled during expiration as a gas
  • volatile acid can be expelled as a gas through the lungs
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8
Q

non volatile acid examples

A
  • all acids other than carbonic acid
  • excreted in urine
  • usually referred to their anion base e.g. lactate, sulphate
  • derived from oxidation of CHO fats and amino acids
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9
Q

what is the buffer of the blood

A
  • H+ + HCO3- > H2CO3 > H20 + CO2
  • HCO3- acts as the base and binds with an free H+ ions minimising changes in ph of the blood
  • hydrogen ions also buffered by hb and other proteins
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10
Q

what is acidosis and the two types of acidosis

A
  • ph in blood is low so below 7.35
  • metabolic acidosis
  • respiratory acidosis
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11
Q

what is metabolic acidosis

A
  • low ph
  • low levels of base specifically bicarbonate ions
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12
Q

what is the 5 cause of metabolic acidosis

A
  • too much acid ingested e.g. aspirin overdose
  • too much acid produced diabetes ketoacidosis, lactate acidosis
  • too much base excreted- small bowel fistula
  • too little acid excreted- renal failure
  • too little base produced- renal failure
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13
Q

what is respiratory acidosis

A
  • low ph
  • high partial pressures of carbon dioxide
  • hypoventilation
  • compensatory to metabolic alkalosis and drugs
  • inability to clear co2 due to lung pathology such as copd, pneumonia, muscle weakness
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14
Q

what is the anion gap

A
  • difference between unmeasured anions and cations
  • [na+] + [k+]- [hco3-] - [cl-]
  • anion gap is 8-16 mol/l usually
  • gives indication of cause of metabolic acidosis
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15
Q

what does an increased anion gap suggest

A
  • associate with too much acid being produced/accumulation of acids
  • renal failure
  • ingestion of acid
  • diabetic ketoacidosis (too much acid produced)
  • lactic acidosis ( too much acid produced)
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16
Q

what does an normal anion gap suggest

A
  • suggests acidosis might be due to loss of bicarbonate ions or other non- acid causes
  • decreased acid excretion
  • loss of base (diarrhoea, small bowel fistula)
  • normal anion gap associated with hypercholraemia (high chloride levels- can cause hco3 levels to be excreted to compensate increased cl- levels
17
Q

how does exercise cause acidosis

A
  • tissues undergoing respiration- aerobic
  • demand of oxygen exceeds supply so anaerobic respiration takes place
  • lactate produce as well as hydrogen ions
  • leads to lactate acidosis
18
Q

how does type 1 diabetes cause acidosis

A
  • no insulin produced
  • glucose not utilised as a source or energy
  • fats are utilised
  • ketone acids form which leads to ketoacidosis
19
Q

what is alkalosis and the two types

A
  • ph is too high
  • metabolic alkalosis
  • respiratory alkalosis
20
Q

what is metabolic alkalosis

A
  • high ph
  • high bicarbonate levels
  • base excess
21
Q

what is 3 the causes of metabolic alkalosis

A
  • too much base being produced e.g. compensatory to respiratory acidosis
  • too much base ingested e.g. antacids
  • too much acid excreted e.g. vomiting
22
Q

what is respiratory alkalosis

A
  • high ph
  • low carbon dioxide levels
  • due to hyperventilation which can caused by drugs or compensatory to metabolic acidosis, anxiety
23
Q

compensatory of metabolic acidosis

A
  • increased ventilation
24
Q

compensatory of respiratory acidosis

A
  • renal compensation
  • causing in a rise in hco3- levels
25
Q

compensatory of metabolic alkalosis

A
  • decreased ventilation
  • hypoventilation
  • breath in paper bag
26
Q

compensatory of respiratory alkalosis

A
  • renal compensation
  • increased hco3- excretion

circulation and breathing (11 decks)

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