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Dannys Class/Anatomy > The Liver, Gall Bladder and Pancreas > Flashcards

The Liver, Gall Bladder and Pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the liver sit in the body?

A

Greater part of the right hypochondriac region, part of epigastric and part of the left hypochondriac regions

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2
Q

The appearance of the liver?

A

The anterior surface is smooth and curved to fit under the diaphragm.
The posterior surface is irregular

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3
Q

Functions of the Liver

A 
Carbohydrate metabolism
Fat metabolism
Protein metabolism
Breakdown of blood cells + micro defence
Detoxification of drugs
Inactivation of hormones
Storage
Secretion of bile
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4
Q

How many lobes does the liver have and what are the names?

A

4 lobes

Right, left, caudate (superiorly), quadrate (inferiorly)

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5
Q

What is the portal fissure and what enters via there?

A 
Portal fissure- is where everything enters the liver.
Portal vein
Hepatic artery
Nerve fibres
Lymph ducts
Right and left hepatic ducts
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6
Q

Microstructure of the liver?

A

Made up of lobules-
Hexagonal in outline, formed from cuboidal cells called hepatocytes arrange in pairs of columns radiating from a central vein
Between the columns are sinusoids (blood vessels with incomplete walls)

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7
Q

Macrostructure of the liver?

A
  • Thin inelastic capsule and completely enclosed by a layer of peritoneum
  • Held in place by ligaments and the pressure of the other organs
  • 4 lobes
  • Portal fissue
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8
Q

What are macrophages and what do they do?

A

Macrophages – Kupffer cells, eat worn out blood cells and foreign particles

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9
Q

What are Bile canaliculi?

A 
Bile canaliculi (small channels) run between the hepatic cells and join up to form larger and larger bile canals until they form the right and left hepatic ducts. 
The liver secretes bile so it travels through the channels.
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10
Q

Carbohydrate metabolism?

A
  • Maintains plasma glucose levels.
  • After a meal, glucose is converted into glycogen
  • When glucose levels fall, glycogen is changed back into glucose again.
  • All cells need glucose in order to function
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11
Q

Fat Metabolism?

A
  • Some fatty acids and glycerol are used to provide energy and heat.
  • Some are combined to form triglycerides, the form in which fat is stored in fat depots i.e. under the skin, around in kidneys and in the omentum
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12
Q

Protein Metabolism?

A
  • Removes the nitrogenous portion from excess amino acids to form urea.
  • Combines the nitrogenous portion to other carbohydrate molecules to form new non essential amino acids.
  • Breaks down nucleic acids to form uric acid.
  • Urea and Uric Acid are excreted in urine.
  • Forms 90% of the plasma proteins contained in the blood steam, including albumins, globulins and blood clotting factors
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13
Q

What is the special name for red blood cells?

A

Erythrocytes

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14
Q

Detoxification and Inactivation of what

A 
Alcohol
Waste products from other processes
Some drugs
Insulin
Glucagon
Cortisol
Aldosterone
Thyroid and sex hormones
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15
Q

Storage and Heat role of the liver?

A

Stores:

  • Glycogen
  • Fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, K
  • Iron and copper
  • Some water-soluble vitamins – e.g. B12

The liver uses lots of energy, high metabolic rate and therefore produces a great amount of heat

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16
Q

Bile- how much and what does it consist of?

A 
500 – 1000ml of bile is secreted by the liver each day.
It consists of-
Water
Mineral salts
Mucus
Bile pigments, mainly bilirubin 
Bile salts
Cholesterol
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17
Q

Bile in fat digestion?

A

In the small intestine, the bile acids are secreted as sodium or potassium salts. These emulsify fats by turning them into tiny droplets. More easily absorbed.
Makes fat-soluble vitamins (A,D,E,K) more easily absorbed.

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18
Q

What happens to bile after it is used?

A

In the terminal ilium, most bile salts are reabsorbed and return to the liver via the portal vein

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19
Q

What is bilirubin?

A
  • Formed by breaking down of old blood cells
  • Combined with glucuronic acid to become water-soluble, it is excreted in the bile.
  • Microbes in the large intestine convert bilirubin to stercobilin, which colours and deodorizes the stool
  • Jaundice is yellow pigmentation of the tissues seen in the skin and conjunctiva, caused by excess blood bilirubin
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20
Q

How does the bile ducts go?

A

The right and left hepatic duct -> common hepatic duct (portal fissue) -> joined by cystic duct (from gallbladder) - common bile duct -> main pancreatic duct at the hepatopancreatic ampulla -> Ampulla of Vater which is controlled by the hepatopancreatic sphincter (Oddi)
Into the duodenum.

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21
Q

What is the gallbladder?

A
  • Pear-shaped sac attached to the posterior aspect of the liver
  • Cover by the peritoneum on its inferior surface only
  • Fundus, body, neck
  • Supplied by Cystic Artery and drained by the Cystic Vein
22
Q

The function of the gallbladder?

A
  • Storage of bile
  • Hormone CCK (cholecystokinin) – secreted by the duodenum in response to the presence of fat and acid chyme.
  • Relaxation of the Sphincter of Oddi and causes the gallbladder to contract (releases the bile).
  • Concentration of bile by the absorption of water
23
Q

Pancreas region?

A

Epigastric and left hypochondriac regions

24
Q

Arteries and veins for the pancreas?

A

Supplied by splenic and mesenteric arteries and drained by splenic and mesenteric veins

25
Q

Structures that are around the pancreas (head, body, tail)

A

Head – curve of duodenum
Body -behind the stomach
Tail - in front of left kidney and reaches the spleen.
Aorta and IVC lie behind the gland

26
Q

Exocrine Pancreas

A

-Large number of lobules, each drained by a tiny duct
-Unite to form pancreatic duct
Which joins the common bile duct.
-Produces pancreatic juice
-Digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and fats

27
Q

Endocrine Pancreas

A

-Throughout the gland are groups of specialised cells – pancreatic islets (Islets of Langerhans)
-No ducts, hormones directly into blood
Insulin and glucagon

28
Q

The liver weighs between 1 -2.3 kg

Select one:
True
False

A

True

29
Q

The majority of the liver sits in the left hypochondriac region

Select one:
True
False

A

False its in the right hypochondriac

30
Q

The liver sits anterior to the oesophagus

Select one:
True
False

A

True

31
Q

The liver sits above the right adrenal gland

Select one:
True
False

A

True

32
Q

The quadrate lobe is the smallest lobe of the liver

Select one:
True
False

A

False

Its the caudate

33
Q

The portal fissure is where the blood vessels and nerve fibres enter and leave the liver

Select one:
True
False

A

True

34
Q

A blood vessel with an incomplete wall is called a capillary

Select one:
True
False

A

False

its a sinusoid

35
Q

Cholesterol is found in bile

Select one:
True
False

A

True

36
Q

Bile is needed to digest protein

Select one:
True
False

A

False

37
Q

Jaundice is caused by excess bilirubin

Select one:
True
False

A

True

38
Q

Microbes in the large intestine convert Bilirubin to glucuronic acid

Select one:
True
False

A

False

39
Q

The cystic duct empties at the Ampulla of Vater

Select one:
True
False

A

True

40
Q

The gall bladder is an intraperitoneal structure.

Select one:
True
False

A

False

41
Q

The stomach is posterior to the gall bladder

Select one:
True
False

A

True

42
Q

The gall bladder makes bile

Select one:
True
False

A

False

43
Q

The pancreas gets some of it blood supply from the splenic artery

Select one:
True
False

A

True

44
Q

The pancreas consists of a head, neck and body

Select one:
True
False

A

False

Its head, body, tail

45
Q

Hepatocytes are cuboidal cells

Select one:
True
False

A

True

46
Q

Kupffer cells are found in the gall bladder

Select one:
True
False

A

False, they are found in the liver

47
Q

Vitamin D is stored in the liver

Select one:
True
False

A

True

48
Q

The common hepatic duct is formed by the right and left hepatic duct and the cystic duct.

Select one:
True
False

A

False

its just the right and left hepatic duct

49
Q

The pancreas is both an exocrine and endocrine gland

Select one:
True
False

A

True

50
Q

The Islets of Langerhans produce insulin

Select one:
True
False

A

True

Dannys Class/Anatomy (24 decks)

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