Osteology Flashcards
1
Q
What is the prefix for the word bone?
A
Osteo
2
Q
What is bone?
A
An organic matrix of highly vascular connective tissue.
This fibrous collagen mesh like frame work forms about 1/3rd of the structure, the rest being interspaced bone cells (osteocytes) and mineral deposits (of mainly calcium & phosphorous).
3
Q
What do we call the process of bone formation?
A
Ossification
4
Q
What process starts in the utero
A
Osteogenesis
Intramembraneous
5
Q
What parts are there to intracartilaginous ossification?
A
Primary ossification centres
-Central area (diaphysis) outwards
Secondary ossification centres
- ends of bone
(epiphyses (singular epiphysis)
6
Q
What is the metaphysis?
A
The part of the diaphysis adjoining the epiphysis (on the shaft side) is called the Metaphysis – this is where growth occurs.
7
Q
What is the epiphysis?
A
outer ends of the bone
8
Q
What is the daiphysis?
A
Middle of the bone
9
Q
What is the epiphysis plate
A
The epiphysis is separated from the diaphysis by a plate of cartilage called the epiphyseal plate
10
Q
Is the epiphysis plate, radiolucent or radiopaque?
A
radiolucent
11
Q
Is daiphysis radiolucent or radiopaque?
A
radiopaque
12
Q
What factors affect bone formation?
A
- Exercise/activity
- ill health and/or inactivity inhibit bone growth
- Nutrition and blood supply
- Age and gender
13
Q
What hormones affect ossification?
A
- Parathormone
- Growth Hormone
- Thyroxin & Calcitonin
- Testosterone (M) or Oestrogen (F)
14
Q
Parathormone
Where is it secreted and function?
A
secreted by the parathyroid gland – controls levels of Calcium & Phospate in blood
15
Q
Growth hormone
A
secreted by the pituitary gland of brain – influences growth
16
Q
Thyroxin & Calcitonin
What secretes it and what does it influence?
A
secreted by the thyroid gland – influences physical development
17
Q
Testosterone (M) or Oestrogen (F)
Function?
A
Influences normal skeletal growth
E.g wider pelvis for women
18
Q
What ingredients do you need for bones?
A
Minerals: Calcium & Phosphate
Vitamins: A, C & D
19
Q
What are the classification of bone by shape?
A
Long bones Short bones Flat bones Irregular bones Sesamoid bones
20
Q
Examples of long bones
A
femur, radius, clavicle, metatarsals, phalanges.
21
Q
Examples of short bones
A
carpal and tarsal bones
22
Q
Examples of flat bones
A
scapula, ribs, skull vault bones (protection)
23
Q
Examples of irregular bones
A
vertebrae, facial bones, pelvic bones
24
Q
Function of sesamoid bones
A
Protect from wear
25
Whats the classification of bone by Structure.
Compact bone
| Cancellous bone
26
Features of compact bone
Dense bone matrix
So relatively radiopaque ‘white’ appearance on x-rays
Tight concentric rings ‘lamellae’
Forms the surface layer of bones - ‘cortex’
27
Features of cancellous bone
More open & light lattice like structure with spaces ‘trabeculae’.
Often referred to as ‘spongy’ or ‘trabecular’ bone
Relatively radiolucent, so ‘grey’ on x-ray with fine white trabecular lines running through it
Forms the interior of bone – ‘medulla’.
28
Microscopic structure of Compact Bone
Consists of a number of cylindrical structures called Osteons or Haversian systems.
Each osteon (Haversian system) consists mainly of hard bone matrix arranged in concentric rings called Lamellae.
The lamellae form around a central Haversian canal.
29
What are volkmann`s canals
Volkmann’s canals run at right angles to the long axis of the bone, connecting the vascular and nerve supply of the periosteum to the Haversian canals and medullary cavity
30
What is the canaliculi?
Canaliculi connect the lacunae to each other and the central Haversian canal
31
What is the Haversian canal`s
The Haversian canal’s contain blood & lymphatic vessels.
32
Microscopic structure of Cancellous Bone
Similar structure to compact bone.
The trabeculae making up the internal structure contain irregularly arranged lamellae & spaces
33
What is the periosteum?
Tight fitting highly vascular membrane covering bone
Glistening white fibrous appearance.
Contains osteoblast & osteoclast cells for bone maintenance
It’s a continuous interface between bone and muscle & ligament attachments.
34
What is the epiphyseal plate?
Visible in children & adolescents whilst ‘open’
Formed of cartilage so is radiolucent and therefore appears as a gap in the bone on radiographs (not to be confused with a fracture).
In late teenage years when it begins to ‘fuse’ (close) it appears as a thin white line, but mostly disappears all together in later life
35
What is the medulla?
The medullary cavity contains bone marrow.
36
What's the function of red marrow
Red marrow – for haemopoiesis
37
What's the function of yellow marrow
Yellow marrow – for storage of fat
38
What is haemopoiesis?
is the production of blood cells.
Red Blood Cells (RBC) & White Blood Cells (WBC)
39
What is hyaline cartilage and function?
The cartilage found at synovial joints
slippery anti-friction coating for articulating joint surfaces
also acts as a shock absorber
40
What are osteocytes?
mature cells which oversee maintenance of bone matrix
| destroy bones
41
What are osteoblasts
cells that lay down (Build) new bone matrix
42
What are osteoclasts
phagocytic cells that remove (Consume) calcium and bone matrix
43
What are the functions of the skeleton?
1. Support
Supports the body and soft tissues, providing shape & rigidity
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2. Storage
of minerals (mainly calcium & phosphorous) and fat (in yellow bone marrow)
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3. Movement
The skeletons joints provide attachment for muscles & ligaments to support flexion & extension
4. Protection
Of major organs such as the brain & heart
5. Haematopoiesis
Production of red & white blood cells in the red marrow
6. Endocrine regulation
Maintenance of blood calcium levels
44
What does HEMPSS stand for (skeleton function)
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Haematopoiesis
Endocrine regulation
Movement
Protection
Support
Storage
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45
What does cortex mean?
Compact bone
46
Function of compact bone?
Resist stress
| Osteons aligned in one direction for strength
47
What are osteons?
Units of bone
48
Function of cancellous bone?
End of bones, less stress areas and multidirectional stress areas (e.g proximal epiphysis)
49
What shape are osteons?
Cylinder shape
50
What does the canaliculi do?
Canaliculi go through the lamellae for nutrients
51
What is osteogenesis imperfecta caused by?
And what does it lead to?
Treatment?
Collagen deficiently
Gene defect
Brittle bones
Weak muscles
Exercise
Rod insertion
Bisphosphonates
52
Factors of osteoporosis?
Reduced bone mineral density
Fracture risk
Age
Women are more at risk
53
Whats rickets/osteomalacia
Softening of bones caused by vit D or calcium deficiency
54
What is a joint?
Where 2 or more bones meet?
55
What are the classes of joint?
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial (which allow for movement)
56
What is a fracture?
Break in bone continuity
57
What are the classes of fractures and what do they mean?
Simple/closed - skin intact
Compound/open - skin broken with bone fragments protruding
58
Causes of fracture?
Trauma
Strain
Pathology (tumour)
59
What are the types of fractures
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Transverse
Oblique
Comminute
Spiral
crushed
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60
What does Transverse fracture mean?
line through bone (still together)
61
What does oblique fracture mean?
not in a line, a bit off
62
What does comminute fracture mean?
Multiple bone fragments
63
what does spiral fracture mean?
Bone twisted apart
64
What does crushed fracture mean?
Vertical compression
| usually in cases of osteoporosis
65
Signs and symptoms of fracture
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Signs-
Swelling
Redness
Bruising
Broken skin
Deformity
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Symptoms-
Pain
Numbness
Heat
Loss of use
Faintness/nausea
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66
Phases of fracture healing?
Reactive phase
Reparative phase
Remodelling phase
67
What does reactive phase mean?
Blood clot formed from damaged blood vessels
| Clot converted to granulation tissue (24 hours)
68
What does reparative phase mean?
Callus formation (new bone from periosteum) Osteoblasts building new bone
69
What does remodelling phase mean?
Bone modelled by osteoclasts to regain shape.
70
Factors that delay healing of fracture
```
Malunion-bones miss aligned
Infection
Foreign bodies
Bone fragments
Poor immobilisation
Age
Dietary deficiency
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71
Types of management
| treatment for fracture
Reduction
Immobilisation
Rehabilitation
72
Functions of a joint
Growth
Rigidity
Movement
73
What is the function of Fibrous joint?
Synarthrosis
| an immovably fixed joint between bones connected by fibrous tissue (for example, the sutures of the skull).
74
What is the function of cartilaginous joint?
Amphiarthosis
| a joint permitting only slight motion, as that between the vertebrae.
75
What is the function of synovial joint?
Diarthrosis
| articulation that permits free movement. 2 : a freely movable joint.
76
Types of fibrous joints
Sutures, Gomphoses & Syndesmoses
77
Features of sutures
Found in the skull only
Bones are joined by the sutural ligament.
Fusion starts in the late twenties
Fixed
78
Examples of sutures
Coronal suture
Saggital suture
Lambdoid suture
79
Features of gomphoses
Found where teeth articulate with bone
Joined by periodontal ligament
Fixed
Associated with movement due to pathology
80
Examples of Gomphoses
Where the Alveolar margins of the Maxillae join the teeth
Where the Alveolar margins of the Mandible join the teeth
81
Features of syndesmoses
Found where bony surface is connected by an interosseous ligament
Allows minimal movement
82
Examples of Syndesmoses
Inferior tibio-fibular joint
Middle tibio-fibular joint
Middle radio-ulnar joint
Ligamentum flava
83
Types of Cartilaginous Joints
Synchondroses or Symphases
84
Features of Synchondroses
Temporary hyaline cartilage found between an Epiphyses and Diaphyses
No movement
Ossifies once growth is complete
85
Examples of Synchondroses
Between growing long bones
Sterno-costal joints
Between the Sphenoid and Occiput
86
Features of symphyses
Uses hyaline cartilage and a fibrocartilage pad
Limited movement
All are midline structures
87
Examples of Symphyses
Symphysis Pubis
Between Vertebral Bodies and Sacrococcygeal joint
Manubriosternal joint
88
Features of synovial joints
Joint surrounded by a Fibrous Capsule
Articulating surface covered with Hyaline cartilage
Contains Synovial membrane and fluid
Supported by ligaments
Fed by a blood and nerve supply
May contain: a bursa, tendons, joint discs or fat pads
89
What is a plane joint?
Two fairly flat surfaces
Gliding movement
90
Examples of plane joint
2nd-5th carpo-metacarpals
Sacro-iliacs
Proximal tibio-fibular
Tarso-metatarsal
Acromio-clavicular
Costo-vertbral
Between the vertbral arches
91
What is hinge joint?
One concave and one convex surface
Uniaxial movement
Strong colateral ligaments
92
Examples of Hinge Joints
1st Metacarpo-phalangeal
Interphalangeal
Elbow
Ankle (physiologically)
93
What is a pivot joint?
Pivot may rotate within a ring or a vice versa
Uniaxial rotation
94
Examples of a Pivot Joints
Superior Radio-ulnar
Inferior Radio-ulnar
Median Atlanto-axial
95
What is a Ellipsoid joint?
Elliptical concave and an oval convex surface
Biaxial movement
96
Examples of Ellipsoid Joints
Wrist
2nd-5th metacarpo-phalangeal
Metatarso- phalangeal
Atlanto-occipital
97
What is a saddle joint?
Opposition of concavo-convexed surfaces
Biaxial movement
98
Examples of Saddle Joints
1st Carpo-metacarpal
Calcaneo-cuboid
Sterno-clavicular
Ankle (structurally)
99
What is Condylar joint?
Convex condyle and Concave surface
Uniaxial primary movement
Degree of rotation allowed
100
Examples of condylar joints
Knee
Temporo-mandibular
101
What is ball and socket joint?
Spherical head in cup shaped cavity
Multiaxial movement
102
Examples of Ball & Socket Joints
Hip
Shoulder
