Contrast media & meds Flashcards

1
Q

WHY DO WE NEED CONTRAST AGENTS?

A

To help to visualise structures that would otherwise be difficult to see because different tissue typres are very similar in appearance to those around then

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2
Q

How does contrast work?

A

High atomic number so high x-ray attenuation

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3
Q

POM
Ba
BaSO4
Ba Swallow c̄ SALT

BaE
CO2

A
Prescription Only Medication 
Barium
Barium Sulphate
Barium Swallow examination with a Speech and Language Therapist present
Barium Enema
Carbon Dioxide
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4
Q

What kinds of contrast are there

A

Suspension = doesn’t dissolve in water (barium) GI tract

Water soluble = gastrografin GI tract

Iodinated = contain iodine high atomic number and leaves the body Vascular system

Gases = Double-contrast or on its own GI tract

Radiopharmaceuticals = isotopes (RNI) Vascular system

Gadolinium = Vascular system (MRI)

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5
Q

What are the categories of contrast?

A

Positive =
Radiopaque
High atomic number
e.g barium and iodine

Negative =
Radiolucent
Low atomic number
e.g CO2

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6
Q

HOW IS CONTRAST ADMINISTERED?

A
Oral
Rectal
Intravenous (veins)
Natural Openings eg Sialograms or Dacrocystograms
Via a Fistula 
Via a Sinus
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7
Q

What questions do we ask the patient?

A
Asthma / hayfever
Kidney problems
Heart problems / medication
Diabetes
Allergies
Possibility of Pregnancy
Have you had this procedure before?
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8
Q

Types of Reaction

A

Transient- Self Limiting, do not interfere with examination
Vasovagal (Fainting) – Require some intervention
Mild – Does not interfere with the examination, but may progress
Intermediate – Interferes with examination, requires medical intervention
Severe – Respiratory or Cardiac Arrest

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9
Q

Barium Sulphate Contra-Indications

A

Recent Surgery
Suspected Perforation
Incompetent Swallow
Biopsy with 7/7

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10
Q

Water Soluble Contrast Contra-Indications

A

Recent Surgery
Pulmonary Oedema (if aspirated)
Hypovolaemia in children
Ileus

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11
Q

Iodinated Contrast Contra-Indications

A

Previous Allergic Reaction
eGFR less than 30
Renal Failure

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12
Q

Gadolinium Contra-Indications

A

Previous Allergic Reaction

Previous or Pre existing Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis (NSF)

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13
Q

Gases Contra-Indications

A

No contra-indications

Except cant be used in veins

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14
Q

Radiopharmaceuticals Contra-Indications

A
  1. Recent chemotherapy
  2. Recent radiotherapy
  3. Poorly controlled diabetes
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15
Q

Buscopan Contra-Indications

and what is it used for

A
Cardiac disease
Myasthenia Gravis (muscle weakness)
Mechanical Stenosis (blockage in GI)
Megacolon
It is employed to freeze bowel motion as part of many fluoroscopic, CT, and MRI studies
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16
Q

Glucagon Contra-Indications

And what is it used for?

A

Diabetes
Insulinoma (tumor of pancreas)
Pheochromocytoma (tumor of the adrenal gland)

Glucagon is used during an MRI to slow down the motion in the bowels