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Anatomy And Physiology > The Liver > Flashcards

The Liver Flashcards

1
Q

What is the largest internal organ

A

Liver by mass

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2
Q

How much does the liver weigh

A

1.5kg

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3
Q

4 lobes of the liver

A

Caudate
Quadrate
Left lobe
Right lobe

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4
Q

Which organ produces bile

A

Liver

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5
Q

What organ stores bile

A

Gall bladder

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6
Q

Blood bringing blood in through

A

Hepatic artery

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7
Q

Blood out the liver through

A

Hepatic vein

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8
Q

2nd input of blood into the liver

A

Hepatic portal vein

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9
Q

What is hepatic portal vein

A

Small intestine
Absorption of nutrients

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10
Q

What are liver cells known as

A

Hepatocytes

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11
Q

How are hepatocytes arranged

A

In layers
Hexagonal shape

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12
Q

How many inputs does each hepatic lobe have

A

6 portal triads
Rich portal vein supply

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13
Q

What does central vein do

A

Remove waste

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14
Q

5 main functions of liver

A

Metabolism
Storage
Secretory
Synthesis
Detoxification

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15
Q

Metabolism

A

All the fats and carbs eaten
Processing and absorbing by intestines

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16
Q

What does liver do after the processing if carbs

A

Utilizes glucose for own energy - all liver activity
Stores glucose as glycogen (glycogenisis)
Converts glycogen into glucose when needed (finite store of glycogen)
Converts excess glucose to triglycerides for storage in fat deposits
Produces glucose from glycerol (and amino acids)

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17
Q

What hormone is produced

A

Insulin

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18
Q

What are the nine essential amino acids

A
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19
Q

What process produces non essential amino acids

A

Deamination

20
Q

What is the toxic product of deamination

A

Ammonia - produced by liver converts into urea
In kidney turn into urine

21
Q

What is uric acid

A

By product of nucleic acids
Made in the liver as a breakdown of nucleic acids

22
Q

What does build up of Uric acid cause

A

Gout

23
Q

Name given for collection of urate crystals

A

Tophi

24
Q

What is suggested for individuals with gout

A

Low purine diet

25
Q

What does liver do to fatty acids

A

Oxidizes fatty acids to produce acetoacetates - ketones

26
Q

Which individuals have high levels of ketones

A

Patients with diabetes
As they cannot produce insulin and ( no glucose stores and body will break down fat for energy - danger of ketosis)

27
Q

What does liver store

A

Iron
B12
Folate
Vit A B
Copper
Glucose and glycogen

28
Q

Function of vitamin K

A

Gut bacteria makes vit K
blood clotting factor

29
Q

What does liver secrete

A

Bile

30
Q

What is bile

A

Emulsifier of fats
Digestive fluid

31
Q

Components of bile

A

Water
Bile acids (salts)
Bile pigments (give the green colour) - breakdown products of haemaglobin)
Bilirubin and biliverdin
Cholesterol

32
Q

What causes gall stones

A

Percipitation of bile salts
Bile is being blocked in bile duct

33
Q

What does blockage of gall stones cause

A

Right hand side abdominal pain
Upper right shoulder pain due to irritation of phrenic nerve

34
Q

Treatment for gall stones

A

Cholecystectomy- key hole surgery

35
Q

Heparin

A

Anti coagulant

36
Q

What is albumin

A

Water soluable protein which transports a variety of substances
Also maintains plasma pressure and keeps fluid in the blood

37
Q

Trade name of paracetamol

A

Acetaminophen

38
Q

Antidote for paracetamol overdose

A

NAC. N Acetylcysteine

39
Q

What is the chemical in alcohol

A

Ethanol

40
Q

Alcohol metabolism

A

Before alcohol reaches the blood stream it goes through the stomach
Here an enzyme gastric alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) breaks some of it down

41
Q

What part of the brain does alcohol effect first

A

Affects cells in the cerebellum (back of brain)
Cerebellum directly involved in coordinating voluntary movements
Responsible for motor skills

42
Q

Short term of alcohol poisoning

A

Ataxia - lack of muscular coordination
Nystagmus- eye jerking
Dysarthria -

43
Q

Effects of heavy alcohol consumption ( alcohol use disorder AUD)

A
44
Q

How does alcohol damage liver

A

Hepatocyte membrane damage
Damages proteins dna and mitochondria of liver cells

45
Q

Hepatitis

A

Inflammation of liver

46
Q

Skin spider angiomata

A

Alcohol stimulates angiogenesis - The growth of new blood vessels

47
Q

Portal hypertension

A

The development of oesophageal varices
New veins form that can be seen in abdomen around umbilicus

Anatomy And Physiology (16 decks)

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