The Liver

Question 1

What is the largest internal organ

Answer 1

Liver by mass

Question 2

How much does the liver weigh

Answer 2

1.5kg

Question 3

4 lobes of the liver

Answer 3

Caudate
Quadrate
Left lobe
Right lobe

Question 4

Which organ produces bile

Answer 4

Liver

Question 5

What organ stores bile

Answer 5

Gall bladder

Question 6

Blood bringing blood in through

Answer 6

Hepatic artery

Question 7

Blood out the liver through

Answer 7

Hepatic vein

Question 8

2nd input of blood into the liver

Answer 8

Hepatic portal vein

Question 9

What is hepatic portal vein

Answer 9

Small intestine
Absorption of nutrients

Question 10

What are liver cells known as

Answer 10

Hepatocytes

Question 11

How are hepatocytes arranged

Answer 11

In layers
Hexagonal shape

Question 12

How many inputs does each hepatic lobe have

Answer 12

6 portal triads
Rich portal vein supply

Question 13

What does central vein do

Answer 13

Remove waste

Question 14

5 main functions of liver

Answer 14

Metabolism
Storage
Secretory
Synthesis
Detoxification

Question 15

Metabolism

Answer 15

All the fats and carbs eaten
Processing and absorbing by intestines

Question 16

What does liver do after the processing if carbs

Answer 16

Utilizes glucose for own energy - all liver activity
Stores glucose as glycogen (glycogenisis)
Converts glycogen into glucose when needed (finite store of glycogen)
Converts excess glucose to triglycerides for storage in fat deposits
Produces glucose from glycerol (and amino acids)

Question 17

What hormone is produced

Answer 17

Insulin

Question 18

What are the nine essential amino acids

Question 19

What process produces non essential amino acids

Answer 19

Deamination

Question 20

What is the toxic product of deamination

Answer 20

Ammonia - produced by liver converts into urea
In kidney turn into urine

Question 21

What is uric acid

Answer 21

By product of nucleic acids
Made in the liver as a breakdown of nucleic acids

Question 22

What does build up of Uric acid cause

Answer 22

Gout

Question 23

Name given for collection of urate crystals

Answer 23

Tophi

Question 24

What is suggested for individuals with gout

Answer 24

Low purine diet

Question 25

What does liver do to fatty acids

Answer 25

Oxidizes fatty acids to produce acetoacetates - ketones

Question 26

Which individuals have high levels of ketones

Answer 26

Patients with diabetes As they cannot produce insulin and ( no glucose stores and body will break down fat for energy - danger of ketosis)

Question 27

What does liver store

Answer 27

Iron B12 Folate Vit A B Copper Glucose and glycogen

Question 28

Function of vitamin K

Answer 28

Gut bacteria makes vit K blood clotting factor

Question 29

What does liver secrete

Answer 29

Bile

Question 30

What is bile

Answer 30

Emulsifier of fats Digestive fluid

Question 31

Components of bile

Answer 31

Water Bile acids (salts) Bile pigments (give the green colour) - breakdown products of haemaglobin) Bilirubin and biliverdin Cholesterol

Question 32

What causes gall stones

Answer 32

Percipitation of bile salts Bile is being blocked in bile duct

Question 33

What does blockage of gall stones cause

Answer 33

Right hand side abdominal pain Upper right shoulder pain due to irritation of phrenic nerve

Question 34

Treatment for gall stones

Answer 34

Cholecystectomy- key hole surgery

Question 35

Heparin

Answer 35

Anti coagulant

Question 36

What is albumin

Answer 36

Water soluable protein which transports a variety of substances Also maintains plasma pressure and keeps fluid in the blood

Question 37

Trade name of paracetamol

Answer 37

Acetaminophen

Question 38

Antidote for paracetamol overdose

Answer 38

NAC. N Acetylcysteine

Question 39

What is the chemical in alcohol

Answer 39

Ethanol

Question 40

Alcohol metabolism

Answer 40

Before alcohol reaches the blood stream it goes through the stomach Here an enzyme gastric alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) breaks some of it down

Question 41

What part of the brain does alcohol effect first

Answer 41

Affects cells in the cerebellum (back of brain) Cerebellum directly involved in coordinating voluntary movements Responsible for motor skills

Question 42

Short term of alcohol poisoning

Answer 42

Ataxia - lack of muscular coordination Nystagmus- eye jerking Dysarthria -

Question 43

Effects of heavy alcohol consumption ( alcohol use disorder AUD)

Question 44

How does alcohol damage liver

Answer 44

Hepatocyte membrane damage Damages proteins dna and mitochondria of liver cells

Question 45

Hepatitis

Answer 45

Inflammation of liver

Question 46

Skin spider angiomata

Answer 46

Alcohol stimulates angiogenesis - The growth of new blood vessels

Question 47

Portal hypertension

Answer 47

The development of oesophageal varices New veins form that can be seen in abdomen around umbilicus