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Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What is histology?

A

The study of biological tissues

Histology is crucial for understanding the structure and function of tissues.

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2
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A collection of one or more cell types working together for a common purpose

Tissues are fundamental components that make up organs.

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3
Q

Why is an understanding of histology essential for healthcare professionals?

A

They often participate in taking biopsies (tissue samples)

Knowledge of histology helps in diagnosing diseases.

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4
Q

What are the four major types of tissue in the human body?

A
  • Epithelial
  • Connective
  • Muscle
  • Nervous

Each type has distinct functions and characteristics.

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5
Q

What is the primary function of epithelial tissue?

A

Secretion, protection, and absorption

Epithelial tissues line surfaces and cavities throughout the body.

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6
Q

What does connective tissue do?

A

Support, binding, transport, and protection

Connective tissues include blood, bone, and cartilage.

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7
Q

What is the function of muscle tissue?

A

Movement

Muscle tissue is responsible for the contraction and movement of the body.

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8
Q

What is the role of nervous tissue?

A

Coordination

Nervous tissue is involved in transmitting signals throughout the body.

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9
Q

This presentation focuses entirely on _______ tissues.

A

epithelial

Other tissue types will be covered in future sessions.

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10
Q

What structure do epithelial tissues rest on?

A

Basement membrane

The basement membrane is composed of peptidoglycan (proteins and sugars).

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11
Q

What are the two major categories of epithelial tissue?

A
  • Simple epithelia
  • Stratified epithelia
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12
Q

Define simple epithelia.

A

Consist of a single layer of cells resting on a basement membrane.

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13
Q

Define stratified epithelia.

A

Consist of multiple layers of cells stacked on top of each other.

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14
Q

What does the term squamous mean in the context of epithelial cells?

A

Resembling a ‘fish scale’; thin and flat.

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15
Q

Where is simple squamous epithelium typically found?

A

In places where thin membranes are necessary.

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16
Q

What is the primary function of simple squamous epithelium?

A

Adapted for the diffusion of gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide.

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17
Q

What property of squamous epithelial cells is exploited in the alveolar air sacs of the lungs?

A

Elasticity.

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18
Q

Fill in the blank: The basement membrane is composed of _______.

A

peptidoglycan (proteins and sugars).

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19
Q

True or False: Stratified epithelia consist of a single layer of cells.

A

False.

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20
Q

What type of epithelial cells predominantly compose the alveolar walls of the lungs?

A

Simple squamous epithelial cells.

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21
Q

What surrounds each alveolus in the lungs?

A

A dense network of blood capillaries composed of simple squamous epithelial cells.

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22
Q

What process allows oxygen to enter the blood during inspiration?

A

Oxygen diffuses rapidly across the alveolar and capillary walls.

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23
Q

What happens to carbon dioxide during expiration?

A

Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood across the capillary and alveolar walls before being expired.

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24
Q

What is the inner layer of arteries and veins called?

A

The endothelium.

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25
What type of epithelial cells predominantly make up the endothelium?
Simple squamous epithelial cells.
26
What is the function of the smooth squamous epithelial cells in blood vessels?
They ensure that resistance to blood flow is minimal.
27
What allows blood vessels to dilate and constrict?
The elastic nature of the squamous cells.
28
What are the two processes that regulate blood flow in blood vessels?
Vasodilation increases blood flow, while vasoconstriction reduces blood flow.
29
What type of cells produce Nitric Oxide (NO)?
Squamous cells ## Footnote Nitric Oxide helps regulate blood flow.
30
What are capillaries?
The smallest blood vessels in the human body ## Footnote Capillaries infiltrate virtually all parts of the body.
31
What is the primary function of capillaries?
To ensure blood is delivered to the proximity of all cells and tissues.
32
What is the structure of a capillary?
Formed from a rolled up tube of simple squamous epithelial cells.
33
What allows capillaries to be permeable?
Slits between adjacent squamous epithelial cells.
34
What happens when blood is forced into a capillary?
Fluid is driven out through slits and collects in interstitial spaces.
35
What is the fluid that collects in the spaces surrounding body cells called?
Tissue fluid or interstitial fluid.
36
What is the role of interstitial fluid?
Facilitates the movement of oxygen and nutrients into cells.
37
Fill in the blank: The layer of cells lining fluid-producing membranes is made of _______.
simple squamous epithelium.
38
What is the basement membrane?
A layer that supports the epithelial cells.
39
What is the endothelium?
The thin layer of cells lining the blood vessels.
40
What are tight junctions?
Connections between epithelial cells that prevent leakage.
41
True or False: Capillaries are impermeable to fluids.
False.
42
What type of epithelial tissue lines the capillaries?
Simple squamous epithelium.
43
What type of epithelial cells line fluid-producing membranes throughout the body?
Simple squamous epithelial cells ## Footnote These cells are crucial for the formation of serous membranes.
44
What is another name for squamous epithelium due to its appearance?
Pavement epithelium ## Footnote This name comes from its resemblance to 'crazy paving'.
45
What type of fluid is secreted by the squamous layer of serous membranes?
Serous fluid ## Footnote This fluid acts as a natural slippery lubricant.
46
Where is the peritoneum located?
Lining the abdominopelvic cavity ## Footnote It plays a key role in protecting internal organs.
47
What is the function of the serous fluid produced by the peritoneum?
Lubricate the surface of internal viscera ## Footnote This lubrication helps prevent damage from abrasion.
48
What condition results from an infection of the peritoneum?
Peritonitis ## Footnote This can occur after a perforated gastric or duodenal ulcer.
49
List three organs associated with the visceral peritoneum.
* Kidney * Spleen * Small intestine
50
True or False: The peritoneum is dry and resistant to infections.
False ## Footnote The peritoneum is moist and susceptible to infections.
51
What is the peritoneal cavity?
The space between the visceral and parietal peritoneum ## Footnote This cavity contains serous fluid.
52
Fill in the blank: The serous membranes are lined by a layer of _______.
simple squamous epithelial cells
53
What type of epithelial cells line fluid-producing membranes throughout the body?
Simple squamous epithelial cells ## Footnote These cells are crucial for the formation of serous membranes.
54
What is another name for squamous epithelium due to its appearance?
Pavement epithelium ## Footnote This name comes from its resemblance to 'crazy paving'.
55
What type of fluid is secreted by the squamous layer of serous membranes?
Serous fluid ## Footnote This fluid acts as a natural slippery lubricant.
56
Where is the peritoneum located?
Lining the abdominopelvic cavity ## Footnote It plays a key role in protecting internal organs.
57
What is the function of the serous fluid produced by the peritoneum?
Lubricate the surface of internal viscera ## Footnote This lubrication helps prevent damage from abrasion.
58
What condition results from an infection of the peritoneum?
Peritonitis ## Footnote This can occur after a perforated gastric or duodenal ulcer.
59
List three organs associated with the visceral peritoneum.
* Kidney * Spleen * Small intestine
60
True or False: The peritoneum is dry and resistant to infections.
False ## Footnote The peritoneum is moist and susceptible to infections.
61
What is the peritoneal cavity?
The space between the visceral and parietal peritoneum ## Footnote This cavity contains serous fluid.
62
Fill in the blank: The serous membranes are lined by a layer of _______.
simple squamous epithelial cells
63
What is the outer layer of the gut called?
Serosa ## Footnote The serosa is a serous membrane that surrounds the gut.
64
What type of fluid does the serosa produce?
Lubricating serous fluid ## Footnote This fluid coats the outer layer of the gut.
65
What is the function of the lubricating fluid produced by the serosa?
Prevent abrasion and damage ## Footnote It helps during physical movement and peristalsis.
66
What is the submucosal plexus also known as?
Meissner's plexus ## Footnote It is located in the submucosa layer of the gut.
67
What is the primary function of the pericardium?
To protect the heart and anchor it in position ## Footnote It surrounds the heart within the thorax.
68
What is the name of the thin membrane lining the pericardial sac?
Parietal pericardium ## Footnote It is a serous membrane formed from simple squamous epithelium.
69
What fluid fills the pericardial sac?
Pericardial fluid ## Footnote This fluid provides lubrication for the beating heart.
70
What are the main layers of the heart wall?
* Parietal pericardium * Visceral pericardium * Myocardium * Endocardium ## Footnote These layers are essential for the structure and function of the heart.
71
Fill in the blank: The _______ is a compound membrane surrounding the heart.
Pericardium ## Footnote The pericardium provides protection and support to the heart.
72
What are the two types of muscle found in the muscularis layer of the gut?
* Circular muscle * Longitudinal muscle ## Footnote These muscles are involved in peristalsis and gut movement.
73
True or False: The serosa is responsible for producing digestive enzymes.
False ## Footnote The serosa produces lubricating fluid, not digestive enzymes.
74
What type of tissue is the serosa made of?
Areolar connective tissue ## Footnote This tissue provides structural support to the serosa.
75
What is the role of the myenteric plexus?
Regulate gut motility ## Footnote Also known as Auerbach's plexus, it is located between the circular and longitudinal muscle layers.
76
What is the lumen in the context of the gut?
The hollow space within the gut ## Footnote It is where digestion and absorption occur.
77
What is the function of lymphatic tissue in the gut?
Immune response and protection ## Footnote It helps defend against pathogens in the digestive tract.
78
What is atmospheric pressure measured in?
760 mm Hg
79
What is the transpulmonary pressure if atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg and intrapleural pressure is 756 mm Hg?
4 mm Hg
80
What is the intrapleural pressure?
756 mm Hg (-4 mm Hg)
81
What is the intra-alveolar pressure?
760 mm Hg (0 mm Hg)
82
What are the two types of pleural membranes?
* Parietal pleura * Visceral pleura
83
What is the pleural cavity filled with?
Pleural fluid
84
What condition can occur when pleural fluid becomes infected?
Pleurisy
85
What is a simple cuboidal epithelium composed of?
A single layer of cube-shaped cells
86
Where is a good example of simple cuboidal epithelium found?
In the kidneys, forming the walls of the kidney tubules
87
How does the volume of cytoplasm in simple cuboidal epithelial cells compare to simple squamous epithelial cells?
Greater volume of cytoplasm

Anatomy And Physiology (19 decks)

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