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Anatomy And Physiology > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What is histology?

A

The study of biological tissues

Histology is crucial for understanding the structure and function of tissues.

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2
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A collection of one or more cell types working together for a common purpose

Tissues are fundamental components that make up organs.

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3
Q

Why is an understanding of histology essential for healthcare professionals?

A

They often participate in taking biopsies (tissue samples)

Knowledge of histology helps in diagnosing diseases.

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4
Q

What are the four major types of tissue in the human body?

A
  • Epithelial
  • Connective
  • Muscle
  • Nervous

Each type has distinct functions and characteristics.

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5
Q

What is the primary function of epithelial tissue?

A

Secretion, protection, and absorption

Epithelial tissues line surfaces and cavities throughout the body.

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6
Q

What does connective tissue do?

A

Support, binding, transport, and protection

Connective tissues include blood, bone, and cartilage.

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7
Q

What is the function of muscle tissue?

A

Movement

Muscle tissue is responsible for the contraction and movement of the body.

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8
Q

What is the role of nervous tissue?

A

Coordination

Nervous tissue is involved in transmitting signals throughout the body.

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9
Q

This presentation focuses entirely on _______ tissues.

A

epithelial

Other tissue types will be covered in future sessions.

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10
Q

What structure do epithelial tissues rest on?

A

Basement membrane

The basement membrane is composed of peptidoglycan (proteins and sugars).

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11
Q

What are the two major categories of epithelial tissue?

A
  • Simple epithelia
  • Stratified epithelia
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12
Q

Define simple epithelia.

A

Consist of a single layer of cells resting on a basement membrane.

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13
Q

Define stratified epithelia.

A

Consist of multiple layers of cells stacked on top of each other.

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14
Q

What does the term squamous mean in the context of epithelial cells?

A

Resembling a ‘fish scale’; thin and flat.

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15
Q

Where is simple squamous epithelium typically found?

A

In places where thin membranes are necessary.

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16
Q

What is the primary function of simple squamous epithelium?

A

Adapted for the diffusion of gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide.

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17
Q

What property of squamous epithelial cells is exploited in the alveolar air sacs of the lungs?

A

Elasticity.

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18
Q

Fill in the blank: The basement membrane is composed of _______.

A

peptidoglycan (proteins and sugars).

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19
Q

True or False: Stratified epithelia consist of a single layer of cells.

A

False.

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20
Q

What type of epithelial cells predominantly compose the alveolar walls of the lungs?

A

Simple squamous epithelial cells.

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21
Q

What surrounds each alveolus in the lungs?

A

A dense network of blood capillaries composed of simple squamous epithelial cells.

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22
Q

What process allows oxygen to enter the blood during inspiration?

A

Oxygen diffuses rapidly across the alveolar and capillary walls.

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23
Q

What happens to carbon dioxide during expiration?

A

Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood across the capillary and alveolar walls before being expired.

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24
Q

What is the inner layer of arteries and veins called?

A

The endothelium.

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25
Q

What type of epithelial cells predominantly make up the endothelium?

A

Simple squamous epithelial cells.

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26
Q

What is the function of the smooth squamous epithelial cells in blood vessels?

A

They ensure that resistance to blood flow is minimal.

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27
Q

What allows blood vessels to dilate and constrict?

A

The elastic nature of the squamous cells.

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28
Q

What are the two processes that regulate blood flow in blood vessels?

A

Vasodilation increases blood flow, while vasoconstriction reduces blood flow.

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29
Q

What type of cells produce Nitric Oxide (NO)?

A

Squamous cells

Nitric Oxide helps regulate blood flow.

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30
Q

What are capillaries?

A

The smallest blood vessels in the human body

Capillaries infiltrate virtually all parts of the body.

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31
Q

What is the primary function of capillaries?

A

To ensure blood is delivered to the proximity of all cells and tissues.

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32
Q

What is the structure of a capillary?

A

Formed from a rolled up tube of simple squamous epithelial cells.

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33
Q

What allows capillaries to be permeable?

A

Slits between adjacent squamous epithelial cells.

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34
Q

What happens when blood is forced into a capillary?

A

Fluid is driven out through slits and collects in interstitial spaces.

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35
Q

What is the fluid that collects in the spaces surrounding body cells called?

A

Tissue fluid or interstitial fluid.

36
Q

What is the role of interstitial fluid?

A

Facilitates the movement of oxygen and nutrients into cells.

37
Q

Fill in the blank: The layer of cells lining fluid-producing membranes is made of _______.

A

simple squamous epithelium.

38
Q

What is the basement membrane?

A

A layer that supports the epithelial cells.

39
Q

What is the endothelium?

A

The thin layer of cells lining the blood vessels.

40
Q

What are tight junctions?

A

Connections between epithelial cells that prevent leakage.

41
Q

True or False: Capillaries are impermeable to fluids.

A

False.

42
Q

What type of epithelial tissue lines the capillaries?

A

Simple squamous epithelium.

43
Q

What type of epithelial cells line fluid-producing membranes throughout the body?

A

Simple squamous epithelial cells

These cells are crucial for the formation of serous membranes.

44
Q

What is another name for squamous epithelium due to its appearance?

A

Pavement epithelium

This name comes from its resemblance to ‘crazy paving’.

45
Q

What type of fluid is secreted by the squamous layer of serous membranes?

A

Serous fluid

This fluid acts as a natural slippery lubricant.

46
Q

Where is the peritoneum located?

A

Lining the abdominopelvic cavity

It plays a key role in protecting internal organs.

47
Q

What is the function of the serous fluid produced by the peritoneum?

A

Lubricate the surface of internal viscera

This lubrication helps prevent damage from abrasion.

48
Q

What condition results from an infection of the peritoneum?

A

Peritonitis

This can occur after a perforated gastric or duodenal ulcer.

49
Q

List three organs associated with the visceral peritoneum.

A
  • Kidney
  • Spleen
  • Small intestine
50
Q

True or False: The peritoneum is dry and resistant to infections.

A

False

The peritoneum is moist and susceptible to infections.

51
Q

What is the peritoneal cavity?

A

The space between the visceral and parietal peritoneum

This cavity contains serous fluid.

52
Q

Fill in the blank: The serous membranes are lined by a layer of _______.

A

simple squamous epithelial cells

53
Q

What type of epithelial cells line fluid-producing membranes throughout the body?

A

Simple squamous epithelial cells

These cells are crucial for the formation of serous membranes.

54
Q

What is another name for squamous epithelium due to its appearance?

A

Pavement epithelium

This name comes from its resemblance to ‘crazy paving’.

55
Q

What type of fluid is secreted by the squamous layer of serous membranes?

A

Serous fluid

This fluid acts as a natural slippery lubricant.

56
Q

Where is the peritoneum located?

A

Lining the abdominopelvic cavity

It plays a key role in protecting internal organs.

57
Q

What is the function of the serous fluid produced by the peritoneum?

A

Lubricate the surface of internal viscera

This lubrication helps prevent damage from abrasion.

58
Q

What condition results from an infection of the peritoneum?

A

Peritonitis

This can occur after a perforated gastric or duodenal ulcer.

59
Q

List three organs associated with the visceral peritoneum.

A
  • Kidney
  • Spleen
  • Small intestine
60
Q

True or False: The peritoneum is dry and resistant to infections.

A

False

The peritoneum is moist and susceptible to infections.

61
Q

What is the peritoneal cavity?

A

The space between the visceral and parietal peritoneum

This cavity contains serous fluid.

62
Q

Fill in the blank: The serous membranes are lined by a layer of _______.

A

simple squamous epithelial cells

63
Q

What is the outer layer of the gut called?

A

Serosa

The serosa is a serous membrane that surrounds the gut.

64
Q

What type of fluid does the serosa produce?

A

Lubricating serous fluid

This fluid coats the outer layer of the gut.

65
Q

What is the function of the lubricating fluid produced by the serosa?

A

Prevent abrasion and damage

It helps during physical movement and peristalsis.

66
Q

What is the submucosal plexus also known as?

A

Meissner’s plexus

It is located in the submucosa layer of the gut.

67
Q

What is the primary function of the pericardium?

A

To protect the heart and anchor it in position

It surrounds the heart within the thorax.

68
Q

What is the name of the thin membrane lining the pericardial sac?

A

Parietal pericardium

It is a serous membrane formed from simple squamous epithelium.

69
Q

What fluid fills the pericardial sac?

A

Pericardial fluid

This fluid provides lubrication for the beating heart.

70
Q

What are the main layers of the heart wall?

A
  • Parietal pericardium
  • Visceral pericardium
  • Myocardium
  • Endocardium

These layers are essential for the structure and function of the heart.

71
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ is a compound membrane surrounding the heart.

A

Pericardium

The pericardium provides protection and support to the heart.

72
Q

What are the two types of muscle found in the muscularis layer of the gut?

A
  • Circular muscle
  • Longitudinal muscle

These muscles are involved in peristalsis and gut movement.

73
Q

True or False: The serosa is responsible for producing digestive enzymes.

A

False

The serosa produces lubricating fluid, not digestive enzymes.

74
Q

What type of tissue is the serosa made of?

A

Areolar connective tissue

This tissue provides structural support to the serosa.

75
Q

What is the role of the myenteric plexus?

A

Regulate gut motility

Also known as Auerbach’s plexus, it is located between the circular and longitudinal muscle layers.

76
Q

What is the lumen in the context of the gut?

A

The hollow space within the gut

It is where digestion and absorption occur.

77
Q

What is the function of lymphatic tissue in the gut?

A

Immune response and protection

It helps defend against pathogens in the digestive tract.

78
Q

What is atmospheric pressure measured in?

A

760 mm Hg

79
Q

What is the transpulmonary pressure if atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg and intrapleural pressure is 756 mm Hg?

A

4 mm Hg

80
Q

What is the intrapleural pressure?

A

756 mm Hg (-4 mm Hg)

81
Q

What is the intra-alveolar pressure?

A

760 mm Hg (0 mm Hg)

82
Q

What are the two types of pleural membranes?

A
  • Parietal pleura
  • Visceral pleura
83
Q

What is the pleural cavity filled with?

A

Pleural fluid

84
Q

What condition can occur when pleural fluid becomes infected?

A

Pleurisy

85
Q

What is a simple cuboidal epithelium composed of?

A

A single layer of cube-shaped cells

86
Q

Where is a good example of simple cuboidal epithelium found?

A

In the kidneys, forming the walls of the kidney tubules

87
Q

How does the volume of cytoplasm in simple cuboidal epithelial cells compare to simple squamous epithelial cells?

A

Greater volume of cytoplasm

Anatomy And Physiology (16 decks)

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